References
Bibliography transcribed from the source chart (_dev/source-chart/mahjong-variant-family-tree.md). References 1-38 are the chart's numbered bibliography; 39-50 are the wiki pages its node table cites directly.
Every source is quoted in full on the variant pages that use it; this page is the index across all of them.
Variant Catalogues And Lineage Frameworks
1. Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 2b: Identifying a Mah-Jongg Variant." Sloperama.
Tile counts, hand sizes, flower handling and scoring for roughly 50 named variants. Primary source for most leaf nodes in this chart.
https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq02b.html
Cited for: Chinese archaic, Chinese pre-classical, Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Hong Kong old style, Modern HKOS, Taiwanese style, Hong Kong Taiwanese, Nanyang variants, Singapore style, Malaysian 3-player, Malaysian 4-player, Filipino style, Bashi-Bashi, Vietnamese classical, Vietnamese modern, Pong, MCR / Chinese official, Zung Jung, Mainland regionals, Sichuan / Hunan / Tibetan, Sichuan bloody rules, Sichuan 72-tile game, Fuzhou style, Fujian style, Beijing style, Nanjing style, Shenzhen style, Macau simplificado, Tui Dao Hu, Chinese casino style, Japanese classical / arushiiaru, Modern riichi / yonma, Sanma, WMPA / WMF, Korean traditional, Babcock rules, Twenty Point Mah Jong, Western / British Empire style, Wright-Patterson, India / Mumbai style, Israeli Mah-Jongg Association, Nepalese, Pusser's Bones, American mah jongg, Siamese Mah Jongg, Modern inventions, Duplicate mahjong, Mhing, Mahjong Masters Millions
2. Sloper, Tom. "The Mah-Jongg Family Tree." Sloperama.
Illustrated tree; source for the Matiao / Khanhoo / dominoes root structure.
https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/tree.htm
Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese archaic
3. Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 11: History of Mah-Jongg." Sloperama.
Regional branching in the 1930s and 40s; Racster 1924 on Shanghai versus Hong Kong base scores; the author's own note that the tree illustration predates later findings.
https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq11f.html
Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style
4. Sloper, Tom. "Comparative Analysis of Early Mah-Jongg Forms." Sloperama.
Chinese Archaic, Late Qing and Pre-Classical rule comparisons.
https://www.sloperama.com/mahjongg/analysis.html
Cited for: Chinese archaic, Late Qing style, Chinese pre-classical, Hong Kong old style, Japanese classical / arushiiaru
5. Sloper, Tom. "Malaysian Mah-Jongg." Sloperama.
The 84-tile three-player and 164-tile four-player Malaysian games.
https://www.sloperama.com/mahjongg/malaysian.html
Cited for: Malaysian 3-player, Malaysian 4-player
6. Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 22: Chinese Official Scoring Explained." Sloperama.
Confirms the 1998 People's Sports Publishing House edition of the competition rules.
https://sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq22.html
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official, MCR scoring reference
7. Mahjong Wiki. "Family Tree and Timeline." mahjong.wikidot.com.
The decade-by-decade timeline and the branch structure this chart follows, including the caveat that each variant's evolution has been cross-cultural.
Cited for: Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Nanyang variants, Mainland regionals, Korean traditional
8. Mahjong Wiki. "Hong Kong Old Style Overview."
The 1950s simplification, removal of fu, the 1970s 3-3 system, and the late-1980s split into Taiwanese and Guangdong styles.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:hong-kong-old-style-overview
Cited for: Hong Kong old style, Modern HKOS, Guangdong style, Guangdong MCR / GMCR, Taiwanese style
9. Mahjong Wiki. "Chinese Official (MCR) Overview."
1998 release; the 1996 PRC push for sport recognition; Cantonese objections around the handover.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:chinese-official-overview
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official, MCR scoring reference
Japanese Lineage
10. Yuria (Hassouhatsu Club). "A Brief History of Japanese Mahjong." Krakow Chombo Club, 2 Aug 2026.
Arushiiaru rules and scoring; Amano Daizou; the Houchi Shinbun serial of 11 Nov - 5 Dec 1952; the 1957 Tokyo rules and 1967 modern rules; bazoro; the Federation's 2016 acceptance of riichi.
https://chombo.club/en/blog/2026/08/02/a-brief-history-of-japanese-mahjong/
Cited for: Japanese classical / arushiiaru, Houchi rules, Tokyo rules, Modern rules, Modern riichi / yonma, WMPA / WMF
11. Japanese Mahjong Wiki. "Japanese Mahjong." riichi.wiki.
Arrival in Japan in 1909; the post-1969 popularity surge; Tenhou.net in 2007.
https://riichi.wiki/index.php?title=Japanese_mahjong
Cited for: Japanese classical / arushiiaru, Houchi rules, Modern riichi / yonma, Sanma
12. Wikipedia. "Japanese Mahjong."
The riichi declaration, dora, furiten and ordered discards.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_mahjong
Cited for: Japanese classical / arushiiaru, Modern riichi / yonma, Sanma
Western And American Lineage
13. Wikipedia. "American Mahjong."
Racks, jokers, the Charleston, and the NMJL / AMJA annual card.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_mahjong
Cited for: Babcock rules, Regional US house rules, NMJL card, American mah jongg, AMJA card
14. MahjongCompare. "Mahjong History and Origin."
NMJL founders (Cecil, Meyerson, Jacobs, Potter), the 1937 Essex House meeting, and jokers entering the official rules in 1961.
https://mahjongcompare.com/history
Cited for: Babcock rules, Regional US house rules, NMJL card, American mah jongg
15. The Mahjong Line. "History of the Game."
Wright-Patterson origins among Air Force officers' spouses at Wright Field, Ohio.
https://themahjongline.com/pages/history
Cited for: Wright-Patterson, NMJL card
16. The Charleston Club. "The History of American Mah Jongg."
Babcock's 1920 translation and the Parker Brothers / Milton Bradley licensing.
Cited for: Babcock rules, NMJL card
17. Grokipedia. "American Mahjong."
Jokers appearing in sets from the 1940s; the NMJL mandate from the 1960-61 season.
https://grokipedia.com/page/American_mahjong
Cited for: Regional US house rules, NMJL card, American mah jongg
Chinese Competition Rules
18. Wikipedia. "Hong Kong Mahjong Scoring Rules."
Faan scoring, the common 3-faan minimum and the 13-faan ceiling.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_mahjong_scoring_rules
Cited for: Hong Kong old style, Modern HKOS
19. Wikipedia. "World Mahjong Championship."
Mahjong certified as China's 255th sport in January 1998; unified rules codified that September.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Mahjong_Championship
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official
20. World Mahjong Organization. Mahjong Competition Rules, English edition.
The 1998 ruleset itself.
http://mahjong-europe.org/portal/images/docs/mcr_EN.pdf
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official, MCR scoring reference
21. The World of Chinese. "Tales of the Tile," November 2019.
The 1998 State Sports Commission publication of the Guobiao rules; WMO founded 2006.
https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2019/11/tales-of-the-tile/
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official
Individual Variants
22. Mahjong International League. "Duplicate Mahjong Rules."
Prebuilt walls intended to remove luck for mind-sport recognition.
http://mahjong-mil.org/rules_dup.html
Cited for: Duplicate mahjong
23. Grad, Gladys. Siamese Mah Jongg. mahjongg.org.
The two-handed variant, 2015.
Cited for: Siamese Mah Jongg
24. maque.games. "Tui Dao Hu."
Twelve ways of going out; more than one player may win.
Cited for: Tui Dao Hu
25. Gunplot. "Pusser's Mahjongg (Pusser's Bones)."
The Royal Navy adaptation of the Western game.
http://www.gunplot.net/mahjongg/mahjongg2.html
Cited for: Pusser's Bones
26. Stanwick, Michael and Hongbing Xu. "Flowers and Kings." themahjongtileset.co.uk.
Early ma que tile-set research underlying the Hua Maque and Wang Maque material.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Late Qing style
Sources The Wiki Names Or Can Be Matched To
27. Perlmen, Samuel K. and Mark Kai-Chi Chan. The Chinese Game of Mahjong. Book Marketing Ltd., Hong Kong, 1979. ISBN 962-211-0169.
The only book the wiki cites by name, used as a whole fan-list column. Sloper's book FAQ describes it as covering both Old Style and New Style as played in Hong Kong, which is precisely the distinction the wiki's taxonomy is built on. This is the likeliest backbone of its HKOS material.
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/658815.The_Chinese_Game_of_Mahjong
Cited for: Hong Kong old style
28. "Let's Mahjong!" ruleset, as tabulated on the Mahjong Wiki HKOS scoring page.
Cited as a second fan-list column and treated as the representative New Chapter standard. The wiki describes it as the transition from HKOS to Guangdong Style. It is a ruleset, not a scholarly source, and the wiki gives no publication details for it.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:hong-kong-old-style-scoring
Cited for: Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Hong Kong old style, Guangdong style
29. Cantonese fan lists: New6 (六獨), New18 (十八番), and 無奇不有.
Named on the HKOS and Hong Kong New Style pages. These are traditions internal to Hong Kong play. The wiki's own caveat is that NEW18 may not in fact be standardised at all.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:hong-kong-new-style-overview
Cited for: Hong Kong old style
30. Kwan, Alan. Zung Jung scoring system.
Named on the wiki and independently documented; the World Series of Mahjong used a modified form of it.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:zung-jung-overview
Cited for: Zung Jung
31. Chinese Mahjong Competition Rules, People's Sports Publishing House, 1998.
Underlies the wiki's MCR pages, though it cites no edition.
http://mahjong-europe.org/portal/images/docs/mcr_EN.pdf
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official
32. British Mahjong scoring, as tabulated on the wiki's own Western Mah Jong page.
The wiki attributes All Green, Seven Pairs and the Jewel Dragons to this tradition flowing back into Chinese rulesets. No book is named.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:western-mah-jong-scoring
Cited for: Western / British Empire style
33. Archived earlier version of the Mahjong Wiki, 30 March 2025.
The author's own predecessor site, linked from the current front page. Useful for seeing which claims are new to the rebuild and which were carried over.
https://web.archive.org/web/20250330002121/http://mahjong.wikidot.com/
Not cited by any variant — background reading carried over from the source chart’s bibliography.
Where To Check The Wiki Independently
34. Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 3: Books About Mah-Jongg."
Identifies Perlmen & Chan in full and lists the other Hong Kong Old Style books: Constantino, Li, Tsui, Lo.
https://sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq03.html
Not cited by any variant — background reading carried over from the source chart’s bibliography.
35. rec.games.mahjong newsgroup archive.
Where much of the English-language variant research was originally argued out, and the origin of several single-informant reports in Sloper's catalogue.
https://groups.google.com/g/rec.games.mahjong
Not cited by any variant — background reading carried over from the source chart’s bibliography.
36. Tsui, Cofa. International Mahjong Rules, 1998.
An independent Hong Kong Old Style codification, useful as a check on the wiki's fan tables.
http://www.cofatsui.com/mahjong.html
Cited for: Hong Kong old style
37. Cantonese Wikipedia: 香港麻雀.
Cantonese-language treatment of the Hong Kong game, in the register the wiki appears to draw from.
https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80
Not cited by any variant — background reading carried over from the source chart’s bibliography.
38. Chinese Wikipedia: 香港麻雀胡牌列表.
Hong Kong winning-hand list, a direct comparison point for the wiki's NEW6 and NEW18 tables.
Not cited by any variant — background reading carried over from the source chart’s bibliography.
Additional Wiki Pages Cited By Node Rows
39. Mahjong Wiki. "Chinese Classical Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:chinese-classical-overview
Cited for: Chinese classical
40. Mahjong Wiki. "Hong Kong New Style Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:hong-kong-new-style-overview
Cited for: Shanghai / Hong Kong new style
41. Mahjong Wiki. "Hong Kong Old Style Scoring." mahjong.wikidot.com.
Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:hong-kong-old-style-scoring
Not cited by any variant — background reading carried over from the source chart’s bibliography.
42. Mahjong Wiki. "Guangdong Style Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:guangdong-style-overview
Cited for: Guangdong style, Guangdong MCR / GMCR
43. Mahjong Wiki. "Guangdong MCR Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:gmcr-overview
Cited for: Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Guangdong MCR / GMCR, MCR / Chinese official
44. Mahjong Wiki. "Taiwanese Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:taiwanese-overview
Cited for: Taiwanese style, Hong Kong Taiwanese
45. Mahjong Wiki. "Zung Jung Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:zung-jung-overview
Cited for: Zung Jung
46. Mahjong Wiki. "Mainland Mahjong Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:mainland-mahjong-overview
Cited for: Guangdong style, Mainland regionals, Sichuan bloody rules
47. Mahjong Wiki. "Japanese Classical Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:japanese-classical-overview
Cited for: Japanese classical / arushiiaru
48. Mahjong Wiki. "Japanese Modern Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:japanese-modern-overview
Cited for: Modern riichi / yonma
49. Mahjong Wiki. "American Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:american-overview
Cited for: NMJL card, American mah jongg
50. Mahjong Wiki. "Western Mah Jong Scoring." mahjong.wikidot.com.
Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:western-mah-jong-scoring
Not cited by any variant — background reading carried over from the source chart’s bibliography.
Sources Added While Cross-Checking
51. Mahjong International League. "Brief Introduction to Bloody Mahjong."
Rules document for Sichuan Bloody Rules: 108 tiles in three suits, no honours or flowers, the blood-battle continuation after the first win, and the missing-suit requirement.
https://mahjong-mil.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Brief_Introduction_to_Bloody_Mahjong-1.pdf
Cited for: Sichuan bloody rules
52. Sloper, Tom. "Mah-Jongg Cards." Sloperama.
Describes how the annual American card works as an artefact and how the NMJL and AMJA cards differ in form. Used here only for structure, never for hand content.
https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/cards.html
Cited for: AMJA card
53. Mahjong Wiki. "Korean Mahjong Rules." mahjong.wikidot.com.
Infobox for the Korean game: 104 tiles, 13-tile hand, point-based scoring with a 2-point minimum and 80-point maximum, 32 hands. Not listed in the chart's own wiki table.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:korean-overview
Cited for: Korean traditional
54. Wikipedia. "Mahjong."
The main article's regional-variations section, which describes most branches of this tree independently of the chart's own sources.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahjong
Cited for: Chinese classical, Hong Kong old style, Taiwanese style, Singapore style, Filipino style, Vietnamese classical, Vietnamese modern, Japanese classical / arushiiaru, Modern riichi / yonma, Korean traditional, Western / British Empire style, Pusser's Bones, American mah jongg
55. Wikipedia. "Scoring in Mahjong."
Comparative scoring across Hong Kong, Chinese Classical and Taiwanese systems, including the range of minimum-point conventions and the Mandarin and Cantonese terms for a scoreless hand.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoring_in_Mahjong
Cited for: Chinese classical, Modern HKOS, Taiwanese style, Zung Jung, Tui Dao Hu
56. Wikipedia. "Three-player mahjong."
The Korean and Japanese three-player game in detail: which tiles are removed, the prohibition on melding chows from a discard, and the sacred-discard rule.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-player_mahjong
Cited for: Sanma, Korean traditional
57. Kwan, Alan. Zung Jung Mahjong Scoring System v3.3, official website.
The designer's own site and rules text: 136 tiles in 34 designs, only the winning hand scored, 44 patterns with an additive rule and no basic points. Also hosts his book, Zung Jung: a Perspective of Mahjong History.
https://www.zj-mahjong.info/zj33_rules_eng.html
Cited for: Zung Jung
58. Ging's Brain. "How to Play Filipino Mahjong."
A play-level account of the Filipino game, cited by Sloperama's catalogue. Confirms the 17-tile winning hand and the flower and season sets.
http://gingsbrain.blogspot.com/2010/10/how-to-play-filipino-mahjong.html
Cited for: Filipino style
59. Beijing Mahjong Rules (kzpn200 blog).
The Beijing game in detail, cited by Sloperama's catalogue: 136 tiles, no flower or season tiles, and the wild-tile mechanism worked from a face-up indicator.
https://kzpn200.blogspot.com/2016/03/beijing-mahjong-rules.html
Cited for: Beijing style
60. Mahjong Pros. "Official Sichuan (SBR) Mahjong Rules."
Sichuan Bloody Rules as a playable ruleset: 108 tiles with all honours, flowers, red fives and jokers removed, and the restriction on calling a chow.
https://mahjongpros.com/blogs/mahjong-rules-and-scoring-tables/official-sichuan-sbr-mahjong-rules
Cited for: Sichuan bloody rules
61. World Mahjong Tour. Sichuan Mahjong Blood Battle tournament rules.
A tournament codification of Sichuan Blood Battle: 108 tiles in three suits, the one-missing-suit requirement, and a three-fan cap intended to reduce luck.
https://worldmahjongtour.live/tournament-rules-sichuan-mahjong/
Cited for: Sichuan bloody rules
62. Munday, Frank "Choco". How to Play the Royal Australian Navy Version of Mah Jong. Hot Rod Handbooks, first edition 2023.
A complete 32-page ruleset for Pusser's Bones: tile taxonomy and sailors' names, game preparation, gameplay, strategy, the full points, doubles, fixed-score, bonus and penalty tables, and Bones etiquette. IN COPYRIGHT: © 2023 Hot Rod Handbooks, all rights reserved. Its game mechanics are recorded here as facts; its text is not reproduced and the file is not filed in this repository.
https://www.hotrodhandbooks.com.au/ebooks/pussers%20bones.pdf
Cited for: Pusser's Bones
63. National Mah Jongg League, official website.
The League's own site. In 2026 it advertises the current card while celebrating 89 years, which dates its own founding to 1937.
https://www.nationalmahjonggleague.org/
Cited for: NMJL card
64. Mahjong International League, organisation homepage.
States that MIL operates under the International Mind Sports Association with member associations in more than 50 countries, initiated the duplicate format, and recognises MCR, Riichi and Sichuan rules as the three main international competition rulesets.
Cited for: AMJA card, Duplicate mahjong
65. Wikipedia. "Joseph Park Babcock."
Biography of the populariser: 1893 to 1949, his 1920 Rules of Mah-Jongg known as the red book, and his membership of the committee that published a standardised American rule set.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Park_Babcock
Cited for: Babcock rules, Regional US house rules
66. Chinese Wikipedia: 港式臺灣麻雀 (Hong Kong-style Taiwanese Mahjong).
The only encyclopedia treatment found of the 16-tile Hong Kong and Macau game. Describes it as a blend of Hong Kong, authentic Taiwanese, Japanese and MCR rules, with additive scoring, a ready declaration called ding, and a carry-over stake called la. The article itself carries a single-source reliability warning.
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E6%B8%AF%E5%BC%8F%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E9%BA%BB%E5%B0%87
Cited for: Hong Kong Taiwanese
67. Wikipedia. "Mhing."
Dates the card game to a 1982 Suntex publication. The article is an orphan and carries a single-source reliability warning.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhing
Cited for: Mhing
68. Steve-p.org. "Cards - Mhing (Spear's Games)."
A card collector's description of the Spear's Games 1984 UK edition: a deck based on Chinese money-suited cards, with wild cards, scoring cards and hand-reference tables. Records the original 1982 Suntex International release in Pennsylvania and names Robert Sun as the company's founder.
https://steve-p.org/cards/Mhin.html
Cited for: Mhing
69. Munday, Frank "Choco". "Pussers Bones" reference guide, part 2: the rules. Gun Plot.
The play and scoring rules: three or four players, thirteen bones in hand, the winning structure of four sets and a double-up, the 50-point-and-one-double minimum, and the zero-sum scoresheet at a cent a point. Read through the Wayback Machine.
http://www.gunplot.net/mahjongg/mahjongg3.html
Cited for: Pusser's Bones
70. Pussers Greenies (Royal Australian Navy electrical branch association). Slang glossary.
An RAN veterans' slang index with no connection to the Pusser's Bones rules author. Defines Bones as mah-jongg tiles, and independently carries the register the rules guide is written in: grey funnel line, roughers, gash, macca.
https://www.pussersgreenies.org/glossary.html
Cited for: Pusser's Bones
71. BoardGameGeek. "Pussers Bones (the Australian Navy Rules)", Mahjong forum thread 1729359, c. February 2017.
Checked and closed as a lead. A single post containing a link to the Gun Plot site, with no independent account of play. Behind a Cloudflare challenge and with no usable archive snapshot, so its contents are as reported by the repository owner, who opened it directly.
https://boardgamegeek.com/thread/1729359/pussers-bones-the-australian-navy-rules
Cited for: Pusser's Bones
72. Japanese Mahjong Wiki. "Daizo Amano." riichi.wiki.
Biography and complete ruleset list for 天野大三 (1904-1982): the 1952 Hochi rules and the police incident, and the seven rulesets he authored between 1952 and 1978. Read through the Wayback Machine.
https://riichi.wiki/Daizo_Amano
Cited for: Houchi rules, Modern rules, Modern riichi / yonma
73. Japanese Mahjong Wiki. "Tokyo rules." riichi.wiki.
A full treatment of the 1957 ruleset 東京ルール / 全一飜縛り麻雀: equipment, play, scoring and yaku, including that it has no kandora or uradora. Read through the Wayback Machine.
https://riichi.wiki/Tokyo_rules
Cited for: Tokyo rules
74. World Mahjong Tour. Guangdong Mahjong tournament rules.
A tournament codification of Guangdong style, showing the variant in current competitive use.
https://worldmahjongtour.live/tournament-rules-guangdong-mahjong/
Cited for: Guangdong MCR / GMCR
75. Four Winds Mah Jong. "Rule presets — MMM."
The rule-preset documentation of a long-running mahjong program, describing the 1997 Mahjong Masters Millions tournament ruleset and its relation to the Internet Mahjong Server rules.
https://4windsmj.com/kb/help/4winpr21.htm
Cited for: Mahjong Masters Millions
76. Wikipedia. "William Henry Wilkinson."
The collector behind the Chinese archaic node: British sinologist and Consul-General in China and Korea from 1880 to 1918, whose 1889-90 collection from nine Chinese cities is now in the British Museum.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Wilkinson
Cited for: Chinese archaic
77. Wikipedia. "Khanhoo."
The draw-and-discard card game Wilkinson adapted for Western players in 1891, described as belonging to the same family as mahjong, with mòhú and pènghú named as mahjong's ancestors.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanhoo
Cited for: Proto-mahjong
78. Stanwick, Michael. "Má qiǎo / má què terms 1780-1920." themahjongtileset.co.uk.
Tile-set scholarship tracing the game's names before 1920, including Wilkinson's 1889 collection of precursor má qiǎo tiles now in the British Museum's Schreiber Collection, and his unpublished 1925 memorandum.
https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/pre-1920-names/
Cited for: Chinese archaic
79. Baidu Baike: 南京麻将 (Nanjing Mahjong).
A detailed account of the Nanjing regional variant, also called Jinling Mahjong: its 144-tile set with twenty flower tiles, its flower-based scoring, and its minor and major hand categories.
https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Nanjing%20Mahjong/29762
Cited for: Nanjing style
80. Macau. Portaria n.º 135/91/M, "Regulamento Oficial do Jogo de Mah-Jong." Boletim Oficial de Macau, I Série, n.º 31, 5 August 1991, p. 3435.
The official rules of mahjong as a casino game in Macau, still the ruleset in force. Governs two forms: conventional mahjong on 136 tiles with a 13-tile hand, and simplified mahjong on 112 tiles with a 4-tile hand. Carries the wall build, the claiming rules, the fan list, the banker's double payment, the discarder-liability rules and the table of house commission by stake. Revoked Portaria n.º 52/89/M.
https://bo.dsaj.gov.mo/bo/i/91/31/port135.asp
Cited for: Macau simplificado, Chinese casino style
81. Macau. Portaria n.º 52/89/M, "Regulamento Oficial do Jogo de Mah-Jong." Boletim Oficial de Macau, I Série, n.º 12, 20 March 1989, p. 1326.
The 1989 official casino rules, superseded in 1991. One form only: 136 tiles, 13-tile hand, chows and pungs from discards, fan scoring, banker pays and receives double, house commission by stake band. Revoked the provisional Portaria n.º 133/88/M; its article 7 was amended by Portaria n.º 161/89/M.
https://bo.dsaj.gov.mo/bo/i/89/12/port52.asp
Cited for: Chinese casino style
82. Direcção dos Serviços de Assuntos de Justiça (Macao SAR). Register of Portarias, Boletim Oficial.
The official legislative register. It lists Portaria n.º 133/88/M of 22 August 1988, "Aprova o regulamento provisório de jogo de Mah-Jong", the first regulation of casino mahjong, with no link to its text, and the chain that followed it: 52/89/M, 161/89/M, 100/89/M and 65/90/M (Mahjong — Pai Kao), 125/91/M and 135/91/M.
https://www.bo.dsaj.gov.mo/pt/legis/list/a/?d=54
Cited for: Chinese casino style
83. Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau (DICJ), Macao SAR. "Gaming Rules."
The regulator's current list of casino games and the regulation governing each. It names Mahjong (Portaria 135/91/M), Mahjong Baccarat (15/96/M) and Mahjong Paikao (100/89/M), which establishes that the 1991 mahjong rules are live regulation rather than history.
https://www.dicj.gov.mo/web/en/rules/index.html
Cited for: Macau simplificado, Chinese casino style
84. Shackleford, Michael. "Mah Jong Pai Gow." Wizard of Odds.
A banked table game found in older Macau casinos, played with 20 mahjong dot tiles two at a time against a rotating player-banker, the dealer taking 5 per cent of winning wagers. Not mahjong; a different game built from mahjong tiles. Its rules were obtained in Portuguese and translated, which matches the Macau portarias for "Mahjong — Pai Kao".
https://wizardofodds.com/games/mah-jong-pai-gow/
Cited for: Chinese casino style
85. Napoleons Casinos & Restaurants. "How to Play Mahjong."
A British casino group's published description of the mahjong it spreads at its Sheffield, Manchester and Hull venues: 144 tiles, 13 in hand and 14 for the dealer, pongs, kongs and chows, scoring "depending on the variation played", and an explicit statement that house rules vary by venue.
https://napoleons-casinos.co.uk/your-first-visit/how-to-play/mahjong/
Cited for: Chinese casino style
86. Genting Casinos UK. "Play Mahjong at Genting Casinos."
Lists the fourteen British casinos where the group runs mahjong games, and states that the rules each table of four plays by may differ. Establishes that casino mahjong is a live commercial offering outside Asia, with no single ruleset behind the name.
https://www.gentingcasinos.co.uk/casino-gaming/mahjong/
Cited for: Chinese casino style
87. Internet Archive. Capture of Sloperama FAQ 2b, 28 August 2008.
The last capture of the variant catalogue before the Chinese casino style entry existed. The list ends at Fujian Style and runs straight on to the comparative-analysis link.
https://web.archive.org/web/20080828055632/http://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq02b.html
Cited for: Chinese casino style
88. Internet Archive. Capture of Sloperama FAQ 2b, 28 December 2009.
The first capture carrying the Chinese casino style entry, six months after the forum report it rests on. Its wording is identical to the wording served today.
https://web.archive.org/web/20091228091957/http://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq02b.html
Cited for: Chinese casino style
89. Internet Archive. Capture of the ReachMahjong forum, "Other Rules" board, 26 June 2010.
The board where non-Japanese rulesets were discussed on the forum that carried the Chinese casino style report. The archived page answers "You do not have the required permissions to read topics within this forum", so the archive holds the board's shell and none of its posts. reachmahjong.com itself now serves a hosting placeholder.
https://web.archive.org/web/20100626102811/http://www.reachmahjong.com:80/en/forum/viewforum.php?f=3
Cited for: Chinese casino style