References
Every source the compendium uses, as published, with a link to read it and the variants that cite it. Each annotation is labelled by who wrote it: the source chart’s bibliography, or an AI summary written while cross-checking.
Variant Catalogues And Lineage Frameworks
1. Guide Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 2b: Identifying a Mah-Jongg Variant." Sloperama.
https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq02b.html
chart’s note Tile counts, hand sizes, flower handling and scoring for roughly 50 named variants. Primary source for most leaf nodes in this chart.
Cited for: Chinese archaic, Late Qing style, Chinese pre-classical, Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Hong Kong old style, Modern HKOS, Guangdong style, Taiwanese style, Hong Kong Taiwanese, Nanyang variants, Singapore style, Malaysian 3-player, Malaysian 4-player, Filipino style, Bashi-Bashi, Vietnamese classical, Vietnamese modern, Pong, MCR / Chinese official, Zung Jung, Mainland regionals, Sichuan / Hunan / Tibetan, Sichuan bloody rules, Sichuan 72-tile game, Fuzhou style, Fujian style, Beijing style, Nanjing style, Shenzhen style, Macau simplificado, Tui Dao Hu, Chinese casino style, Japanese classical / arushiiaru, Modern riichi / yonma, Sanma, WMPA / WMF, Korean traditional, Babcock rules, Twenty Point Mah Jong, Western / British Empire style, Wright-Patterson, India / Mumbai style, Israeli Mah-Jongg Association, Nepalese, Pusser's Bones, American mah jongg, Siamese Mah Jongg, Modern inventions, Duplicate mahjong, Mhing, Mahjong Masters Millions
2. Guide Sloper, Tom. "The Mah-Jongg Family Tree." Sloperama.
https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/tree.htm
chart’s note Illustrated tree; source for the Matiao / Khanhoo / dominoes root structure.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese archaic, WMPA / WMF
3. Guide Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 11: History of Mah-Jongg." Sloperama.
https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq11f.html
chart’s note Regional branching in the 1930s and 40s; Racster 1924 on Shanghai versus Hong Kong base scores; the author's own note that the tree illustration predates later findings.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style
4. Guide Sloper, Tom. "Comparative Analysis of Early Mah-Jongg Forms." Sloperama.
https://www.sloperama.com/mahjongg/analysis.html
chart’s note Chinese Archaic, Late Qing and Pre-Classical rule comparisons.
Cited for: Chinese archaic, Late Qing style, Chinese pre-classical, Chinese classical, Hong Kong old style, Japanese classical / arushiiaru
5. Guide Sloper, Tom. "Malaysian Mah-Jongg." Sloperama.
https://www.sloperama.com/mahjongg/malaysian.html
chart’s note The 84-tile three-player and 164-tile four-player Malaysian games.
Cited for: Malaysian 3-player, Malaysian 4-player
6. Guide Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 22: Chinese Official Scoring Explained." Sloperama.
https://sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq22.html
chart’s note Confirms the 1998 People's Sports Publishing House edition of the competition rules.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official, MCR scoring reference
7. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Family Tree and Timeline." mahjong.wikidot.com.
chart’s note The decade-by-decade timeline and the branch structure this chart follows, including the caveat that each variant's evolution has been cross-cultural.
Cited for: Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Hong Kong Taiwanese, Nanyang variants, Mainland regionals, Korean traditional, Western / British Empire style
8. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Hong Kong Old Style Overview."
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:hong-kong-old-style-overview
chart’s note The 1950s simplification, removal of fu, the 1970s 3-3 system, and the late-1980s split into Taiwanese and Guangdong styles.
Cited for: Hong Kong old style, Modern HKOS, Guangdong style, Guangdong MCR / GMCR, Taiwanese style
9. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Chinese Official (MCR) Overview."
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:chinese-official-overview
chart’s note 1998 release; the 1996 PRC push for sport recognition; Cantonese objections around the handover.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official, MCR scoring reference
Japanese Lineage
10. Guide Yuria (Hassouhatsu Club). "A Brief History of Japanese Mahjong." Krakow Chombo Club, 2 Aug 2026.
https://chombo.club/en/blog/2026/08/02/a-brief-history-of-japanese-mahjong/
chart’s note Arushiiaru rules and scoring; Amano Daizou; the Houchi Shinbun serial of 11 Nov - 5 Dec 1952; the 1957 Tokyo rules and 1967 modern rules; bazoro; the Federation's 2016 acceptance of riichi.
Cited for: Japanese classical / arushiiaru, Houchi rules, Tokyo rules, Modern rules, Modern riichi / yonma, WMPA / WMF
11. Encyclopedia Japanese Mahjong Wiki. "Japanese Mahjong." riichi.wiki.
https://riichi.wiki/index.php?title=Japanese_mahjong
chart’s note Arrival in Japan in 1909; the post-1969 popularity surge; Tenhou.net in 2007.
Cited for: Japanese classical / arushiiaru, Houchi rules, Modern riichi / yonma, Sanma
12. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "Japanese Mahjong."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_mahjong
chart’s note The riichi declaration, dora, furiten and ordered discards.
Cited for: Japanese classical / arushiiaru, Modern riichi / yonma, Sanma
Western And American Lineage
13. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "American Mahjong."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_mahjong
chart’s note Racks, jokers, the Charleston, and the NMJL / AMJA annual card.
Cited for: Babcock rules, Regional US house rules, NMJL card, American mah jongg, AMJA card
14. Guide MahjongCompare. "Mahjong History and Origin."
https://mahjongcompare.com/history
chart’s note NMJL founders (Cecil, Meyerson, Jacobs, Potter), the 1937 Essex House meeting, and jokers entering the official rules in 1961.
Cited for: Babcock rules, Regional US house rules, NMJL card, American mah jongg
15. Guide The Mahjong Line. "History of the Game."
https://themahjongline.com/pages/history
chart’s note Wright-Patterson origins among Air Force officers' spouses at Wright Field, Ohio.
Cited for: Wright-Patterson, NMJL card
16. Guide The Charleston Club. "The History of American Mah Jongg."
chart’s note Babcock's 1920 translation and the Parker Brothers / Milton Bradley licensing.
Cited for: Babcock rules, NMJL card
17. Encyclopedia Grokipedia. "American Mahjong."
https://grokipedia.com/page/American_mahjong
chart’s note Jokers appearing in sets from the 1940s; the NMJL mandate from the 1960-61 season.
Cited for: Regional US house rules, NMJL card, American mah jongg
Chinese Competition Rules
18. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "Hong Kong Mahjong Scoring Rules."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_mahjong_scoring_rules
chart’s note Faan scoring, the common 3-faan minimum and the 13-faan ceiling.
Cited for: Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Hong Kong old style, Modern HKOS
19. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "World Mahjong Championship."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Mahjong_Championship
chart’s note Mahjong certified as China's 255th sport in January 1998; unified rules codified that September.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official
20. Official rules World Mahjong Organization. Mahjong Competition Rules, English edition.
http://mahjong-europe.org/portal/images/docs/mcr_EN.pdf
chart’s note The 1998 ruleset itself. (The chart's note. The PDF is the WMO's 2006 English 'Green Book': its postscript is signed by the World Mahjong Contest Center, 2006, and bases it on the 1998 Chinese rules 'as well as other rules'.)
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official, MCR scoring reference
21. Journalism The World of Chinese. "Tales of the Tile," November 2019.
https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2019/11/tales-of-the-tile/
chart’s note The 1998 State Sports Commission publication of the Guobiao rules; WMO founded 2006.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official, Mainland regionals
Individual Variants
22. Official rules Mahjong International League. "Duplicate Mahjong Rules."
https://web.archive.org/web/20240315213300/http://mahjong-mil.org/rules_dup.html
chart’s note Prebuilt walls intended to remove luck for mind-sport recognition. The live page was withdrawn after this was read; the link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 15 March 2024.
Cited for: Duplicate mahjong
23. Rulebook Grad, Gladys. Siamese Mah Jongg. mahjongg.org.
chart’s note The two-handed variant, 2015.
Cited for: Siamese Mah Jongg
24. Guide maque.games. "Tui Dao Hu."
https://web.archive.org/web/20241013165700/https://maque.games/post/323/
chart’s note Twelve ways of going out; more than one player may win. The domain no longer serves this post — it now returns a placeholder — so the link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 13 October 2024.
Cited for: Tui Dao Hu
25. Guide Gunplot. "Pusser's Mahjongg (Pusser's Bones)."
https://web.archive.org/web/20250224175448/https://www.gunplot.net/mahjongg/mahjongg2.html
chart’s note The Royal Navy adaptation of the Western game. The live page has since gone; the link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 24 February 2025.
Cited for: Pusser's Bones
26. Scholarship Stanwick, Michael and Hongbing Xu. "Flowers and Kings." themahjongtileset.co.uk.
chart’s note Early ma que tile-set research underlying the Hua Maque and Wang Maque material.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Late Qing style, Hua ma que, North China flower sparrow, Wang ma que, Changsha kings sparrow
Sources The Wiki Names Or Can Be Matched To
27. Rulebook Perlmen, Samuel K. and Mark Kai-Chi Chan. The Chinese Game of Mahjong. Book Marketing Ltd., Hong Kong, 1979. ISBN 962-211-0169.
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/658815.The_Chinese_Game_of_Mahjong
chart’s note The only book the wiki cites by name, used as a whole fan-list column. Sloper's book FAQ describes it as covering both Old Style and New Style as played in Hong Kong, which is precisely the distinction the wiki's taxonomy is built on. This is the likeliest backbone of its HKOS material. The wiki's scoring page now (2026-10-12) classes the book's column as 'New Chapter' Mahjong, 'the transition from HKOS to Guangdong Style'; Sloper and Kwan cite ch. 8 and p. 56 for the older East-doubling rule and the 2-faan system.
Cited for: Hong Kong old style
28. Rulebook "Let's Mahjong!" ruleset, as tabulated on the Mahjong Wiki HKOS scoring page.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:hong-kong-old-style-scoring
chart’s note Cited as a second fan-list column and treated as the representative New Chapter standard. The wiki describes it as the transition from HKOS to Guangdong Style. It is a ruleset, not a scholarly source, and the wiki gives no publication details for it.
Cited for: Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Hong Kong old style, Guangdong style
29. Rulebook Cantonese fan lists: New6 (六獨), New18 (十八番), and 無奇不有.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:hong-kong-new-style-overview
chart’s note Named on the HKOS and Hong Kong New Style pages. These are traditions internal to Hong Kong play. The wiki's own caveat is that NEW18 may not in fact be standardised at all.
Cited for: Hong Kong old style
30. Official rules Kwan, Alan. Zung Jung scoring system.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:zung-jung-overview
chart’s note Named on the wiki and independently documented; the World Series of Mahjong used a modified form of it.
Cited for: Zung Jung
31. Official rules Chinese Mahjong Competition Rules, People's Sports Publishing House, 1998.
https://mahjong-mil.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Chinese_mahjong_rules_try.pdf
chart’s note Underlies the wiki's MCR pages, though it cites no edition. The chart's link is the WMO's 2006 English edition, not this book. The link given here is the Mahjong International League's image scan of the whole 1998 book (111 pages, no text layer), linked from mahjong-mil.org/rules_inter/; the 81-fan table is on pp. 23-28.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official, MCR scoring reference
32. Rulebook British Mahjong scoring, as tabulated on the wiki's own Western Mah Jong page.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:western-mah-jong-scoring
chart’s note The wiki attributes All Green, Seven Pairs and the Jewel Dragons to this tradition flowing back into Chinese rulesets. No book is named. The page has since been removed from the live wiki and the Wayback Machine holds no capture of it, so this citation can no longer be checked at source.
Cited for: Western / British Empire style
33. Encyclopedia Archived earlier version of the Mahjong Wiki, 30 March 2025.
https://web.archive.org/web/20250330002121/http://mahjong.wikidot.com/
chart’s note The author's own predecessor site, linked from the current front page. Useful for seeing which claims are new to the rebuild and which were carried over.
Not cited by any variant — background reading carried over from the source chart’s bibliography.
Where To Check The Wiki Independently
34. Guide Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 3: Books About Mah-Jongg."
https://sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq03.html
chart’s note Identifies Perlmen & Chan in full and lists the other Hong Kong Old Style books: Constantino, Li, Tsui, Lo.
Cited for: Sichuan 72-tile game, WMPA / WMF, Western / British Empire style, Wright-Patterson, AMJA card
35. Forum rec.games.mahjong newsgroup archive.
https://groups.google.com/g/rec.games.mahjong
chart’s note Where much of the English-language variant research was originally argued out, and the origin of several single-informant reports in Sloper's catalogue.
Not cited by any variant — background reading carried over from the source chart’s bibliography.
36. Rulebook Tsui, Cofa. International Mahjong Rules, 1998.
https://www.imahjong.com/imjrules.php
chart’s note An independent Hong Kong Old Style codification, useful as a check on the wiki's fan tables. The cited page now only redirects to Tsui's current site, iMahjong.com, so the link goes to the rules there. The rules published there are the current version of International Mahjong, not the 1998 text.
Cited for: Hong Kong old style
37. Encyclopedia Cantonese Wikipedia: 香港麻雀.
https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80
chart’s note Cantonese-language treatment of the Hong Kong game, in the register the wiki appears to draw from.
Cited for: Hong Kong old style, Modern HKOS
38. Encyclopedia Chinese Wikipedia: 香港麻雀胡牌列表.
chart’s note Hong Kong winning-hand list, a direct comparison point for the wiki's NEW6 and NEW18 tables.
Not cited by any variant — background reading carried over from the source chart’s bibliography.
Additional Wiki Pages Cited By Node Rows
39. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Chinese Classical Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:chinese-classical-overview
chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
Cited for: Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style
40. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Hong Kong New Style Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:hong-kong-new-style-overview
chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
Cited for: Shanghai / Hong Kong new style
41. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Hong Kong Old Style Scoring." mahjong.wikidot.com.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:hong-kong-old-style-scoring
chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
Cited for: Hong Kong old style
42. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Guangdong Style Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:guangdong-style-overview
chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
Cited for: Hong Kong old style, Guangdong style, Guangdong MCR / GMCR
43. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Guangdong MCR Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:gmcr-overview
chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
Cited for: Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Guangdong MCR / GMCR, MCR / Chinese official
44. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Taiwanese Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:taiwanese-overview
chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
Cited for: Taiwanese style, Hong Kong Taiwanese
45. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Zung Jung Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:zung-jung-overview
chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
Cited for: Zung Jung
46. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Mainland Mahjong Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:mainland-mahjong-overview
chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
Cited for: Guangdong style, Mainland regionals, Sichuan bloody rules
47. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Japanese Classical Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:japanese-classical-overview
chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
Cited for: Japanese classical / arushiiaru
48. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Japanese Modern Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:japanese-modern-overview
chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
Cited for: Modern riichi / yonma
49. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "American Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:american-overview
chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.
Cited for: NMJL card, American mah jongg
50. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Western Mah Jong Scoring." mahjong.wikidot.com.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:western-mah-jong-scoring
chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki. The page has since been removed from the live wiki and the Wayback Machine holds no capture of it, so this citation can no longer be checked at source.
Not cited by any variant — background reading carried over from the source chart’s bibliography.
Sources Added While Cross-Checking
51. Official rules Mahjong International League. "Brief Introduction to Bloody Mahjong."
https://mahjong-mil.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Brief_Introduction_to_Bloody_Mahjong-1.pdf
AI summary Rules document for Sichuan Bloody Rules: 108 tiles in three suits, no honours or flowers, the blood-battle continuation after the first win, and the missing-suit requirement.
Cited for: Mainland regionals, Sichuan bloody rules
52. Guide Sloper, Tom. "Mah-Jongg Cards." Sloperama.
https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/cards.html
AI summary Describes how the annual American card works as an artefact and how the NMJL and AMJA cards differ in form. Used here only for structure, never for hand content.
Cited for: NMJL card, AMJA card, Siamese Mah Jongg, Mhing
53. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Korean Mahjong Rules." mahjong.wikidot.com.
https://web.archive.org/web/20250114102109/http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:korean-overview
AI summary Infobox for the Korean game: 104 tiles, 13-tile hand, point-based scoring with a 2-point minimum and 80-point maximum, 32 hands. Not listed in the chart's own wiki table. The page has since been removed from the live wiki; the link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 14 January 2025.
Cited for: Korean traditional
54. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "Mahjong."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahjong
AI summary The main article's regional-variations section, which describes most branches of this tree independently of the chart's own sources.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese classical, Hong Kong old style, Taiwanese style, Nanyang variants, Singapore style, Malaysian 4-player, Filipino style, Vietnamese classical, Vietnamese modern, Japanese classical / arushiiaru, Modern riichi / yonma, Korean traditional, Western / British Empire style, Wright-Patterson, Pusser's Bones, American mah jongg
55. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "Scoring in Mahjong."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoring_in_Mahjong
AI summary Comparative scoring across Hong Kong, Chinese Classical and Taiwanese systems, including the range of minimum-point conventions and the Mandarin and Cantonese terms for a scoreless hand.
Cited for: Chinese classical, Modern HKOS, Taiwanese style, Nanyang variants, Singapore style, Zung Jung, Tui Dao Hu
56. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "Three-player mahjong."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-player_mahjong
AI summary General article on three-player mahjong: a long Korean-based 'vanilla' rule set taken from Mahjong Wiki in 2010, a short Japanese section added in 2018, and a section on the Malaysian game. (Entered twice before 2026-10-06, as references 56 and 168; merged into 56.)
Cited for: Malaysian 3-player, Sanma, Korean traditional
57. Official rules Kwan, Alan. Zung Jung Mahjong Scoring System v3.3, official website.
https://www.zj-mahjong.info/zj33_rules_eng.html
AI summary The designer's own site and rules text: 136 tiles in 34 designs, only the winning hand scored, 44 patterns with an additive rule and no basic points. Also hosts his book, Zung Jung: a Perspective of Mahjong History.
Cited for: Zung Jung
58. Guide Ging's Brain. "How to Play Filipino Mahjong."
https://gingsbrain.blogspot.com/2010/10/how-to-play-filipino-mahjong.html
AI summary A play-level account of the Filipino game, cited by Sloperama's catalogue. Confirms the 17-tile winning hand and the flower and season sets.
Cited for: Filipino style
59. Guide Beijing Mahjong Rules (kzpn200 blog).
https://kzpn200.blogspot.com/2016/03/beijing-mahjong-rules.html
AI summary The Beijing game in detail, cited by Sloperama's catalogue: 136 tiles, no flower or season tiles, and the wild-tile mechanism worked from a face-up indicator.
Cited for: Beijing style
60. Commercial Mahjong Pros. "Official Sichuan (SBR) Mahjong Rules."
https://mahjongpros.com/blogs/mahjong-rules-and-scoring-tables/official-sichuan-sbr-mahjong-rules
AI summary Sichuan Bloody Rules as a playable ruleset: 108 tiles with all honours, flowers, red fives and jokers removed, and the restriction on calling a chow.
Cited for: Sichuan bloody rules
61. Tournament rules World Mahjong Tour. Sichuan Mahjong Blood Battle tournament rules.
https://worldmahjongtour.live/tournament-rules-sichuan-mahjong/
AI summary A tournament codification of Sichuan Blood Battle: 108 tiles in three suits, the one-missing-suit requirement, and a three-fan cap intended to reduce luck.
Cited for: Mainland regionals, Sichuan bloody rules
62. Rulebook Munday, Frank "Choco". How to Play the Royal Australian Navy Version of Mah Jong. Hot Rod Handbooks, first edition 2023.
https://www.hotrodhandbooks.com.au/ebooks/pussers%20bones.pdf
AI summary A complete 32-page ruleset for Pusser's Bones: tile taxonomy and sailors' names, game preparation, gameplay, strategy, the full points, doubles, fixed-score, bonus and penalty tables, and Bones etiquette. IN COPYRIGHT: © 2023 Hot Rod Handbooks, all rights reserved. Its game mechanics are recorded here as facts; its text is not reproduced and the file is not filed in this repository.
Cited for: Pusser's Bones
63. Organisation National Mah Jongg League, official website.
https://www.nationalmahjonggleague.org/
AI summary The League's own site. In 2026 it advertises the current card while celebrating 89 years, which dates its own founding to 1937.
Cited for: NMJL card
64. Organisation Mahjong International League, organisation homepage.
AI summary States that MIL operates under the International Mind Sports Association with member associations in more than 50 countries, initiated the duplicate format, and recognises MCR, Riichi and Sichuan rules as the three main international competition rulesets.
Cited for: Duplicate mahjong
65. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "Joseph Park Babcock."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Park_Babcock
AI summary Biography of the populariser: 1893 to 1949, his 1920 Rules of Mah-Jongg known as the red book, and his membership of the committee that published a standardised American rule set.
Cited for: Babcock rules, Regional US house rules
66. Encyclopedia Chinese Wikipedia: 港式臺灣麻雀 (Hong Kong-style Taiwanese Mahjong).
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E6%B8%AF%E5%BC%8F%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80
AI summary The only encyclopedia treatment found of the 16-tile Hong Kong and Macau game. Describes it as a blend of Hong Kong, authentic Taiwanese, Japanese and MCR rules, with additive scoring, a ready declaration called ding, and a carry-over stake called la. The article itself carries a single-source reliability warning.
Cited for: Hong Kong Taiwanese
67. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "Mhing."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhing
AI summary Dates the card game to a 1982 Suntex publication. The article is an orphan and carries a single-source reliability warning.
Cited for: Mhing
68. Guide Steve-p.org. "Cards - Mhing (Spear's Games)."
https://steve-p.org/cards/Mhin.html
AI summary A card collector's description of the Spear's Games 1984 UK edition: a deck based on Chinese money-suited cards, with wild cards, scoring cards and hand-reference tables. Records the original 1982 Suntex International release in Pennsylvania and names Robert Sun as the company's founder.
Cited for: Mhing
69. Rulebook Munday, Frank "Choco". "Pussers Bones" reference guide, part 2: the rules. Gun Plot.
https://web.archive.org/web/20250210042623/http://gunplot.net/mahjongg/mahjongg3.html
AI summary The play and scoring rules: three or four players, thirteen bones in hand, the winning structure of four sets and a double-up, the 50-point-and-one-double minimum, and the zero-sum scoresheet at a cent a point. Read through the Wayback Machine. The link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 10 February 2025, the live page having gone.
Cited for: Pusser's Bones
70. Organisation Pussers Greenies (Royal Australian Navy electrical branch association). Slang glossary.
http://www.pussersgreenies.org/glossary.html
AI summary An RAN veterans' slang index with no connection to the Pusser's Bones rules author. Defines Bones as mah-jongg tiles, and independently carries the register the rules guide is written in: grey funnel line, roughers, gash, macca. The site serves no working HTTPS, so the link is plain HTTP.
Cited for: Pusser's Bones
71. Forum BoardGameGeek. "Pussers Bones (the Australian Navy Rules)", Mahjong forum thread 1729359, c. February 2017.
https://boardgamegeek.com/thread/1729359/pussers-bones-the-australian-navy-rules
AI summary Checked and closed as a lead. A single post containing a link to the Gun Plot site, with no independent account of play. Behind a Cloudflare challenge and with no usable archive snapshot, so its contents are as reported by the repository owner, who opened it directly.
Cited for: Pusser's Bones
72. Encyclopedia Japanese Mahjong Wiki. "Daizo Amano." riichi.wiki.
https://riichi.wiki/Daizo_Amano
AI summary Biography and complete ruleset list for 天野大三 (1904-1982): the 1952 Hochi rules and the police incident, and the seven rulesets he authored between 1952 and 1978. Read through the Wayback Machine.
Cited for: Houchi rules, Modern rules, Modern riichi / yonma
73. Encyclopedia Japanese Mahjong Wiki. "Tokyo rules." riichi.wiki.
https://riichi.wiki/Tokyo_rules
AI summary A full treatment of the 1957 ruleset 東京ルール / 全一飜縛り麻雀: equipment, play, scoring and yaku, including that it has no kandora or uradora. Read through the Wayback Machine.
Cited for: Tokyo rules
74. Tournament rules World Mahjong Tour. Guangdong Mahjong tournament rules.
https://worldmahjongtour.live/tournament-rules-guangdong-mahjong/
AI summary Tournament rules for 'Guangdong Mahjong' as played in mainland Guangdong: the 推倒胡 (push-to-win) game with no chows, a joker tile, 'buying horses' (买马) that double the score, and a 2-to-88 fan table. Despite the name, it is not the Hong Kong-derived 13-tile Guangdong Style of the Mahjong Wiki. Corrected 2026-09-25: this note formerly called it a codification of Guangdong style.
Cited for: Guangdong style, Guangdong MCR / GMCR, Tui Dao Hu
75. Commercial Four Winds Mah Jong. "Rule presets — MMM."
https://4windsmj.com/kb/help/4winpr21.htm
AI summary The rule-preset documentation of a long-running mahjong program, describing the 1997 Mahjong Masters Millions tournament ruleset and its relation to the Internet Mahjong Server rules.
Cited for: Mahjong Masters Millions
76. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "William Henry Wilkinson."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Wilkinson
AI summary The collector behind the Chinese archaic node: British sinologist and Consul-General in China and Korea from 1880 to 1918, whose 1889-90 collection from nine Chinese cities is now in the British Museum.
Cited for: Chinese archaic
77. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "Khanhoo."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanhoo
AI summary The draw-and-discard card game Wilkinson adapted for Western players in 1891, described as belonging to the same family as mahjong, with mòhú and pènghú named as mahjong's ancestors.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese archaic
78. Scholarship Stanwick, Michael. "Má qiǎo / má què terms 1780-1920." themahjongtileset.co.uk.
https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/pre-1920-names/
AI summary Tile-set scholarship tracing the game's names before 1920, including Wilkinson's 1889 collection of precursor má qiǎo tiles now in the British Museum's Schreiber Collection, and his unpublished 1925 memorandum.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese archaic, Late Qing style
79. Encyclopedia Baidu Baike: 南京麻将 (Nanjing Mahjong).
https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Nanjing%20Mahjong/29762
AI summary A detailed account of the Nanjing regional variant, also called Jinling Mahjong: its 144-tile set with twenty flower tiles, its flower-based scoring, and its minor and major hand categories.
Cited for: Nanjing style
80. Law Macau. Portaria n.º 135/91/M, "Regulamento Oficial do Jogo de Mah-Jong." Boletim Oficial de Macau, I Série, n.º 31, 5 August 1991, p. 3435.
https://bo.dsaj.gov.mo/bo/i/91/31/port135.asp
AI summary The official rules of mahjong as a casino game in Macau, still the ruleset in force. Governs two forms: conventional mahjong on 136 tiles with a 13-tile hand, and simplified mahjong on 112 tiles with a 4-tile hand. Carries the wall build, the claiming rules, the fan list, the banker's double payment, the discarder-liability rules and the table of house commission by stake. Revoked Portaria n.º 52/89/M.
Cited for: Macau official casino mahjong, Macau simplificado, Chinese casino style
81. Law Macau. Portaria n.º 52/89/M, "Regulamento Oficial do Jogo de Mah-Jong." Boletim Oficial de Macau, I Série, n.º 12, 20 March 1989, p. 1326.
https://bo.dsaj.gov.mo/bo/i/89/12/port52.asp
AI summary The 1989 official casino rules, superseded in 1991. One form only: 136 tiles, 13-tile hand, chows and pungs from discards, fan scoring, banker pays and receives double, house commission by stake band. Revoked the provisional Portaria n.º 133/88/M; its article 7 was amended by Portaria n.º 161/89/M.
Cited for: Macau official casino mahjong, Chinese casino style
82. Law Direcção dos Serviços de Assuntos de Justiça (Macao SAR). Register of Portarias, Boletim Oficial.
https://www.bo.dsaj.gov.mo/pt/legis/list/a/?d=54
AI summary The official legislative register. It lists Portaria n.º 133/88/M of 22 August 1988, "Aprova o regulamento provisório de jogo de Mah-Jong", the first regulation of casino mahjong, with no link to its text, and the chain that followed it: 52/89/M, 161/89/M, 100/89/M and 65/90/M (Mahjong — Pai Kao), 125/91/M and 135/91/M.
Cited for: Macau official casino mahjong, Chinese casino style
83. Law Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau (DICJ), Macao SAR. "Gaming Rules."
https://www.dicj.gov.mo/web/en/rules/index.html
AI summary The regulator's current list of casino games and the regulation governing each. It names Mahjong (Portaria 135/91/M), Mahjong Baccarat (15/96/M) and Mahjong Paikao (100/89/M), which establishes that the 1991 mahjong rules are live regulation rather than history.
Cited for: Macau official casino mahjong, Macau simplificado, Chinese casino style
84. Guide Shackleford, Michael. "Mah Jong Pai Gow." Wizard of Odds.
https://wizardofodds.com/games/mah-jong-pai-gow/
AI summary A banked table game found in older Macau casinos, played with 20 mahjong dot tiles two at a time against a rotating player-banker, the dealer taking 5 per cent of winning wagers. Not mahjong; a different game built from mahjong tiles. Its rules were obtained in Portuguese and translated, which matches the Macau portarias for "Mahjong — Pai Kao".
Cited for: Chinese casino style
85. Commercial Napoleons Casinos & Restaurants. "How to Play Mahjong."
https://napoleons-casinos.co.uk/your-first-visit/how-to-play/mahjong/
AI summary A British casino group's published description of the mahjong it spreads at its Sheffield, Manchester and Hull venues: 144 tiles, 13 in hand and 14 for the dealer, pongs, kongs and chows, scoring "depending on the variation played", and an explicit statement that house rules vary by venue.
Cited for: Chinese casino style
86. Commercial Genting Casinos UK. "Play Mahjong at Genting Casinos."
https://www.gentingcasinos.co.uk/casino-gaming/mahjong/
AI summary Lists the fourteen British casinos where the group runs mahjong games, and states that the rules each table of four plays by may differ. Establishes that casino mahjong is a live commercial offering outside Asia, with no single ruleset behind the name.
Cited for: Chinese casino style
87. Guide Internet Archive. Capture of Sloperama FAQ 2b, 28 August 2008.
https://web.archive.org/web/20080828055632/http://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq02b.html
AI summary The last capture of the variant catalogue before the Chinese casino style entry existed. The list ends at Fujian Style and runs straight on to the comparative-analysis link.
Cited for: Chinese casino style
88. Guide Internet Archive. Capture of Sloperama FAQ 2b, 28 December 2009.
https://web.archive.org/web/20091228091957/http://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq02b.html
AI summary The first capture carrying the Chinese casino style entry, six months after the forum report it rests on. Its wording is identical to the wording served today.
Cited for: Chinese casino style
89. Forum Internet Archive. Capture of the ReachMahjong forum, "Other Rules" board, 26 June 2010.
https://web.archive.org/web/20100626102811/http://www.reachmahjong.com:80/en/forum/viewforum.php?f=3
AI summary The board where non-Japanese rulesets were discussed on the forum that carried the Chinese casino style report. The archived page answers "You do not have the required permissions to read topics within this forum", so the archive holds the board's shell and none of its posts. reachmahjong.com itself now serves a hosting placeholder.
Cited for: Chinese casino style
90. Guide Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 11b: Origins; Precursor Games." Sloperama.
https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq11b.html
AI summary Matiao as progenitor, peng he pai as four sets of three-suited money cards, Depaulis and Asami Ryo on the card/domino ancestry, and John Low's translations of the Ningbo Display Hall booklet's genealogy panels.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong
91. Guide Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 11c: Origins; Who Created Mah-Jongg." Sloperama.
https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq11c.html
AI summary The Chen Yumen attribution from the Ningbo Display Hall booklet, set against the Hung Hsiu-chuan, 'two Ningpo brothers', fisherman Sze and palace-concubine legends, with the author's caveat that Chen's changes and rules are not known.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong
92. Guide Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 11d: Origins; Earliest Writings on Mah-Jongg." Sloperama.
https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq11d.html
AI summary Dated list of the earliest writings: Culin 1893, Wilkinson 1895, Natsume Soseki 1909, Shen Yifan's 1914 manual, and Depaulis's discovery of Wilkinson's 1925 memorandum quoting 1890 rules.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong
93. Guide Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 11e: Origins; Earliest Documented Mah-Jongg Sets." Sloperama.
https://sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq11e.html
AI summary Composite description of the early-1870s Glover sets (the 'proto-mah-jongg' set), the Sheng Xuanhuai set, and the rank-tile sets of the late Qing.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong
94. Scholarship Stanwick, Michael. "Mahjong(g) Before Mahjong(g): Part 1." The Playing-Card 32 (4), 2004; reproduced at themahjongtileset.co.uk.
https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/tile-set-history/mahjongg-before-mahjongg-part-1/
AI summary The two Glover sets (AMNH 1/2377 and Brooklyn Museum 28.779) and the Himly set, with Glover's 1875 cover note naming the game and listing all 148 pieces, and Wilkinson's 1890 notes on chungfa.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese archaic
95. Scholarship Stanwick, Michael. "Mahjong(g) Before Mahjong(g): Part 2." The Playing-Card 32 (5), 2004; reproduced at themahjongtileset.co.uk.
https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/tile-set-history/mahjongg-before-mahjongg-part-2/
AI summary Wilkinson's 1889-92 Ningbo and Shanghai sets, the 1901 Laufer set and Culin's 1909 Shanghai set, and the conclusion that the tile set was fairly stable in group and tile numbers from c. 1872 to c. 1920.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese archaic, Chinese classical
96. Scholarship Stanwick, Michael. "Mahjong(g), Before and After Mahjong(g): Part 1." The Playing-Card 34 (4), 2006; reproduced at themahjongtileset.co.uk.
https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/tile-set-history/mahjongg-before-and-after-mahjongg-part-1/
AI summary Depaulis's translation of Himly's 1901 tile-by-tile description of the 'Ningpoer Bambuskarten', and the resulting reconstruction of the Himly set.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong
97. Scholarship Stanwick, Michael. "Mahjong(g), Before and After Mahjong(g): Part 2." The Playing-Card 35 (1), 2006; reproduced at themahjongtileset.co.uk.
https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/tile-set-history/mahjongg-before-and-after-mahjongg-part-2/
AI summary The 140-piece Sheng Xuanhuai set, known from Dai Yu'an's Gu shui jiu wen (preface 1934), with virtue tiles for the directions, a rank suit and four king tiles.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese pre-classical
98. Scholarship Stanwick, Michael. "The Origin and Development of the Mahjong Tile Set. Part 1." The Mahjong Collector; reproduced at themahjongtileset.co.uk.
https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/the-origin-and-development-of-the-mahjong-tile-set/
AI summary Summary of Himly's reasoning that his tile set belonged to the draw-and-discard class of three-suited, quadruplicated money-card games.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong
99. Historical Culin, Stewart. "Chinese Games with Dice and Dominoes." Report of the U.S. National Museum for 1893, Smithsonian Institution, 1895.
https://archive.org/details/chinesegameswith01culi
AI summary Primary description of the Glover set in the Long Island Historical Society, piece by piece, and of Wilkinson's near-identical Ningbo chung fa set. Read in the Internet Archive's scan.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese archaic
100. Historical Culin, Stewart. "The Game of Ma-Jong, its Origin and Significance." Brooklyn Museum Quarterly XI, October 1924.
AI summary Money-derived cards as the immediate source of ma-jong; Wilkinson's 1891 Ningbo chung fat tablets; Culin's 1909 Shanghai purchase. Read through the Elliott Avedon Virtual Museum of Games transcription. The museum site no longer answers; the link goes to an Internet Archive capture of 16 May 2011, which carries the full article text.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese archaic, Chinese classical
101. Historical Wilkinson, W. H. "Chinese Origin of Playing Cards." The American Anthropologist VIII (1), 1895, pp. 61-78.
https://archive.org/details/jstor-658442
AI summary Records that three-suited money cards were known in central China as kun p'ai or ma chioh, 'hempen birds'. Read in the Internet Archive's scan of the JSTOR early-journal copy.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong
102. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "Mahjong tiles."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahjong_tiles
AI summary Dates the dragon tiles: whites from replacement tiles, reds circa 1870, greens by 1890, with inner-flower jokers surviving in Vietnam.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Nanyang variants, Malaysian 4-player, Vietnamese classical, Vietnamese modern
103. Scholarship Pekats, Sam. "On the Advent and Spread of the Game Mah-Jong." The Yale Review of International Studies, 3 January 2019.
https://yris.yira.org/essays/on-the-advent-and-spread-of-the-game-mah-jong/
AI summary Undergraduate essay that Wikipedia cites for the F.E.B. Harvey / Chen Yumen 1861 story; its own footnote for that passage is a 2008 CCTV documentary on YouTube.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong
104. Journalism 赵旭腾 (Zhao Xuteng). 《麻将起源考：并非郑和发明，在宁波定型并走向全国》. 澎湃新闻 The Paper, 私家历史, 15 December 2018.
https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2626049
AI summary Chinese-language source review: Zhang Deyi's 1889 shipboard diary of a mahjong set, Fan Zengxiang's 1902 'arose in Ningbo twenty years ago', Xu Ke and Du Yaquan on Ningbo versus Fujian-Guangdong, and Chen Ailu's 1925 Chen Yumen account.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong
105. Encyclopedia Chinese Wikipedia: 麻将.
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E9%BA%BB%E5%B0%86
AI summary The origin section weighs the Ningbo and Fujian-Guangdong theories and traces each origin legend (Powell 1923, the Taiping hypothesis, the Tianyi Pavilion Chen Yumen account, the 2008 CCTV Harvey diary) to where it first appears.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Nanyang variants, Singapore style, Filipino style, Vietnamese classical, Mainland regionals
106. Encyclopedia Chinese Wikipedia: 陳政鑰 (Chen Zhengyao, courtesy name Yumen).
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E9%99%88%E9%B1%BC%E9%97%A8
AI summary Biographical stub: dates 1817-1878 are sourced to Xu Shidong's birthday address and Dong Pei's tomb inscription; the invention of mahjong is asserted without a citation.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong
107. Guide Sloper, Tom. "Shanghai and Ningbo, Part 2: Tianyi Pavilion." Sloperama, 2010, updated 2012.
https://www.sloperama.com/shanghainingbo/shangbo2.html
AI summary First-hand report on the Ningbo Display Hall of the Birthplace of Mahjong, and on the search for F.E.B. Harvey's supposed 1861 diary: the Chiba Mahjong Museum replied it does not hold it, and Yukio Mori reported Tianyi Pavilion's curators had never heard of it.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong
108. Historical Culin, Stewart. Korean Games, with Notes on the Corresponding Games of China and Japan. University of Pennsylvania, 1895.
https://archive.org/details/cu31924023272424
AI summary Reprints the catalogue Wilkinson prepared for his card and domino collection at the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893, including the entry for chung fat, set No. 43 from Ningbo. Read in the Internet Archive's scan of the Cornell copy.
Cited for: Chinese archaic
109. Scholarship Depaulis, Thierry and Cofa Tsui. "Evolution of Various Forms of Mahjong (1890-2001)." International Mahjong InfoWeb, archive 205d(3), 2007, updated 2008.
https://www.imahjong.com/maiarchives205d_3.html
AI summary Feature-by-feature chart of the Chinese forms of the game from Wilkinson 1890 to Amy Lo 2001, taking the Late Qing novels as the reference gameplay. Its 1890 column is sourced to Wilkinson's 1925 memorandum.
Cited for: Chinese archaic, Late Qing style, Chinese pre-classical, Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Hong Kong old style
110. Historical Foster, R. F. "Legend and History in Mah Jong." Chapter of Foster on Mah Jong, New York, 1924; reproduced at Sloperama.
https://sloperama.com/cctheory/foster.html
AI summary A 1920s authority's survey of the origin stories and the earliest sets, including Wilkinson's 1893 Columbian Exposition set, which had no seasons.
Cited for: Chinese archaic
111. Scholarship Ebashi Takashi (江橋崇). 「二 一九世紀の中国麻雀牌（プロト・マージャン）」, in 麻雀牌が語る麻雀の歴史. Japan Playing Card Museum (日本かるた文化館), 2018-2023.
https://japanplayingcardmuseum.com/mahjongtiles-19thcentury-china/
AI summary Eleven-page Japanese study of the 19th-century tile sets, drawing on the Chiba Mahjong Museum's collection: the Glover, Himly, Wilkinson, Laufer, Culin and Nagawa sets, plus two 1880s sets not in the English literature (the Ebashi 中發 set and the Noguchi 'court' set). Frames the period as 花麻雀 ('flower sparrow') giving way to Ningbo's 清麻雀 ('plain sparrow'). Pages are cited by number.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese archaic, Chinese pre-classical, Hua ma que, North China flower sparrow
112. Encyclopedia Chinese Wikipedia: 麻雀牌 (mahjong tiles).
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80%E7%89%8C
AI summary History section on the early sets, the Sheng Xuanhuai set, inner and outer flowers, the northern 花麻雀 with twenty or more flowers, and the eight wild tiles of Vietnamese sets and of 王麻雀.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Nanyang variants, Malaysian 3-player, Hua ma que, North China flower sparrow, Wang ma que, Changsha kings sparrow
113. Historical Li Boyuan (李伯元). 官場現形記 (Guanchang xianxing ji, 'Officialdom Unmasked'), 60 chapters, serialised from 1903. Chinese Wikisource text.
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%A0%B4%E7%8F%BE%E5%BD%A2%E8%A8%98
AI summary PRIMARY. The novel this node is named for. Ten chapters show 麻雀 played by officials in Jiangnan. Chapter 31 plays out and scores a complete hand.
Cited for: Late Qing style
114. Guide Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 11h: Mahjong History Timeline." Sloperama.
https://sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq11h.html
AI summary Dated timeline, including the late-Qing novels that show the game (Han Bangqing 1892, Li Boyuan 1903, Ouyang Juyuan 1903-04, Sun Jiazhen, Zhang Chunfan 1906-10, Lu Shi'e 1911) and the names each uses for the dragon tiles.
Cited for: Late Qing style, NMJL card, Mahjong Masters Millions
115. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "Officialdom Unmasked."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officialdom_Unmasked
AI summary Publication history of Li Boyuan's novel: written 1901-1906, 60 chapters, the first half serialised from April 1903 to June 1905, the last twelve chapters said to be by Ouyang Juyuan.
Cited for: Late Qing style
116. Historical Han Bangqing (韓邦慶). 海上花列傳 (Haishang hua liezhuan, 'The Sing-Song Girls of Shanghai'), 64 chapters, 1892-1894. Chinese Wikisource text.
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E8%8A%B1%E5%88%97%E5%82%B3
AI summary PRIMARY. The earliest novel to show the tile game, played in Shanghai's courtesan houses under the name 碰和 with a 麻雀牌 set. Chapter 26 plays and scores a complete hand.
Cited for: Late Qing style
117. Historical Mauger, George Edward. "Quelques considérations sur les jeux en Chine et leur développement synchronique avec celui de l'Empire chinois." Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, VIe série, tome 6, 1915, pp. 238-281. Persée.
https://www.persee.fr/doc/bmsap_0037-8984_1915_num_6_5_8755
AI summary PRIMARY. The source the chart's node is named for. It includes the rules of 'ma-tchio-p'ai' (麻雀牌), with five worked hands, a points table and a payment example (text pp. 271-277).
Cited for: Chinese pre-classical
118. Historical Mauger, G. E. Les jeux en Chine (1915), text edition by Pierre Palpant, Bibliothèque Chine ancienne (chineancienne.fr), March 2014.
https://www.chineancienne.fr/d%C3%A9but-20e-s/mauger-les-jeux-en-chine/
AI summary Full-text edition of the Persée article with the original page numbers marked. This is the text read for this compendium.
Cited for: Chinese pre-classical
119. Official rules Mahjong International League. "Duplicate." mahjong-mil.org, current rules page.
https://mahjong-mil.org/rules_dup/
AI summary The live successor to the withdrawn rules_dup.html. Defines the Duplicate Format of MCR: 136 tiles with no flowers, serial-numbered tile backs, pre-arranged hands and walls, and IMP scoring against the table average.
Cited for: Modern inventions, Duplicate mahjong
120. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "Mahjong International League."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahjong_International_League
AI summary MIL was founded in 2015 and registered in Lausanne, held the first World Mahjong Sports Games in Sanya in October 2015, and was recognised as an observer by the International Mind Sports Association on 26 February 2016.
Cited for: Duplicate mahjong
121. Guide Owl Works, LLC. "The Classic Games of Mhing and Mah Jongg."
https://owlworksllc.com/game-memories/the-classic-games-of-mhing-and-mah-jongg/
AI summary A player's account of Mhing's rules: a 150-card deck, 13 dealt, draw from the 'well', claim discards for chow or pung, and four sets and a pair to go out. It names Robert Sun as designer.
Cited for: Mhing
122. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "Mahjong solitaire."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahjong_solitaire
AI summary A single-player tile-matching game created by Brodie Lockard on PLATO in 1981 and released by Activision as Shanghai in 1986. It uses the mahjong tile set, but 'the method of gameplay is unrelated'.
123. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "Rummikub."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rummikub
AI summary A tile game developed by Ephraim Hertzano in the 1950s, 'combining elements of the card game rummy and mahjong': 106 tiles, 14 dealt, sets played to the table.
Cited for: Rummikub
124. Historical Babcock, Joseph Park. "The Chinese Game 麻雀." Chapter VIII of Babcock's Rules for Mah-Jongg: The Red Book of Rules, second edition, Shanghai and San Francisco, 1923, pp. 63-82; transcribed on Wikisource.
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Babcock%27s_Rules_for_Mah-Jongg/Chapter_8
AI summary Babcock's account of how the Chinese game differed from his own Mah-Jongg: four rounds with seats drawn by wind discs, the round wind doubling, a 14-tile dead wall, 2 points for a pair, edge or middle wait, one-suit doubling for the winner only, limit hands, the Chinese insurance penalties, a 300-point limit, and the 'New Method' in which the discarder pays double and East no longer pays or receives double.
Cited for: Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style
125. Historical Tchou Kia-kien [Zhu Jiajian]. Le mah-jong tel qu'il est joué par les Chinois. Paris: Les Éditions du Monde Moderne, 1924. Text edition by Pierre Palpant, Bibliothèque Chine ancienne, 2012.
https://www.chineancienne.fr/d%C3%A9but-20e-s/tchou-kia-kien-le-mah-jong/
AI summary A Chinese author's full rulebook for the game 'as the Chinese play it': 136 tiles, flowers optional and disliked by 'true amateurs', walls of 17 stacks, points then fan doublings, settlement among the losers, the 'old mode' with East paying and receiving double, and the 'new mode', which 'all Chinese players have adopted', in which the discarder pays double.
Cited for: Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style
126. Historical 上海遊藝社 (Shanghai Youyi She), ed. 《繪圖麻雀牌譜》 [Illustrated Manual of Mahjong]. Shanghai: 上海遊藝社, 1924 (民國13年), 60 pp. National Library of China scan, on Wikimedia Commons.
AI summary The 1924 Shanghai edition of the first Chinese mahjong manual (Shen Yifan's, 1914): 136 tiles with no flowers, 17-stack walls, 副 (points) and 倍 (doublings), 10 副 for going out, ten 賀例 special hands including 國士無雙 and 九連寶燈, the 滿門 limit of about 300 副, liability rules, a 14-tile 王張 dead wall, and a note on the 'recent new method' of double payment for a self-drawn win. Read from the page images of the scan.
Cited for: Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style
127. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Chinese Classical Scoring." mahjong.wikidot.com.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:chinese-classical-scoring
AI summary Doubles and mini-point tables for 'Early Classical (1900s)', 'Late Classical (1910s)', Shanghai New Style and Hong Kong New Style, with the Classical payout in which all players pay and receive. No sources are cited for the period columns.
Cited for: Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style
128. Commercial Sloper, Tom. "Chinese Mah-Jongg: Rules & Options." Manual chapter for Shanghai: Second Dynasty (Activision); hosted at Sloperama.
https://sloperama.com/shanghai/Images/mjchin.htm
AI summary A modern description of the classic Chinese game 'as it was played in China in the 1920s and 1930s, and as it is played today in Europe': base points then doubles, 20 for going out, and 'Payment to All' as an optional rule under which a non-winner can earn more than the winner.
Cited for: Chinese classical
129. Historical Tow, Julius Su (J. S. Tow). The Outline of Mah Jong: How to Play and How to Win, the Real Chinese Methods. New York: Pacific Printing Co., 1924. Scanned at the Internet Archive.
https://archive.org/details/outlineofmahjong00towj
AI summary A Chinese author's account of the classical game (the Leader pays and receives double, the losers settle among themselves, a limit of 300 to 600), with footnotes and an appendix of regional variations: Shanghai and Ningbo single-tier walls of 21 with 13 counted out to each player, a base of 10 'quite common in Shanghai' against the usual 20, all-pung hands worth only 10 extra in Shanghai instead of a double, and a 16-tile game in Fukien.
Cited for: Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Taiwanese style
130. Historical Wei, Wing Lock. The Theory of Mah Jong: Its Principles, Psychology, Tactics, Strategies, and Fine Points, including the Complete Chinese Rules of Play. Boston: Small, Maynard, 1925. Scanned at the Internet Archive.
https://archive.org/details/theoryofmahjongi00weiw
AI summary A Chinese author's 'complete Chinese rules': East always wins or loses twice the score, the losers settle the differences between their scores, a limit of 300 to 600, and liability penalties that make a discarder pay all losses for feeding a one-suit hand after nine tiles of that suit are exposed, or a terminals, winds or dragons hand.
Cited for: Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style
131. Encyclopedia Chinese Wikipedia: 香港麻將 (Hong Kong mahjong), traditional-script edition.
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80
AI summary Traces modern Hong Kong and Guangdong mahjong to the 清章 (Clear Chapter) way of play evolved out of 老章 (Old Chapter), with 新章 (New Chapter) formed by adding hands such as 六獨, 十八番 and 無奇不有; and the older Hong Kong practice of 雞四 (no minimum, four-fan limit), no flowers and the 二二制 before today's 三三制 and three-fan minimum.
Cited for: Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Hong Kong old style, Modern HKOS
132. Scholarship Kwan, Alan Shiu Ho (關兆豪). 《中庸麻雀史觀》 (Zung Jung: a Perspective of Mahjong History). Online book, 2009, zj-mahjong.info.
http://www.zj-mahjong.info/book_hk/Table%20of%20Contents.html
AI summary A history of scoring by the author of Zung Jung. Early classical rules after Hatsuhara Shigeki's 1952 reconstruction; the late classical 'inflation' of hands and base score; Hong Kong Old Style (舊章) derived directly from the late classical game by abolishing fu and adopting discarder-pays-double (出銃么二制); the 二二制 and 三三制, the 勒 multiple-limit system and the rising minimum; and New Chapter (新章) as a later re-addition of hands. Gives no dates for the Hong Kong stages.
Cited for: Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Hong Kong old style, Modern HKOS, Guangdong style, Zung Jung
133. Official rules Hong Kong Mahjong Association (香港麻雀協會). "Hong Kong Mahjong (Classical Mahjong)" rulebook, latest version 17 May 2023; Chinese edition 《香港麻雀總例》 / GGHK 《十三張清張麻雀規則》.
https://www.hkmahjong.org/rules?lang=en
AI summary The Association's competition rules for 香港麻雀, 'also called 清章麻雀, 廣東牌 (local name only), Classical Mahjong': 144 or 136 tiles, a 3-faan threshold, faan capped at 10, the discarder paying the whole hand, pao on a fourth meld and on the third dragon set, semi-flush and all triplets 3 faan, flush 7, and a faan-to-score table from 3 faan (32 on a discard, 16 from each on a self-draw) to 10 faan (512).
Cited for: Modern HKOS
134. Guide Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 17: Hong Kong Mah-Jongg." Sloperama.
https://sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq17.html
AI summary Beginner's guide to the 3-fan Hong Kong game ('no chicken hands allowed'), with reader letters: the 3-fan minimum was the norm of the Yahoo! online room, while in-person tables often play a 1-fan minimum; Sloper's view that the 3-fan minimum reduces the fun and increases draws.
Cited for: Modern HKOS
135. Encyclopedia Chinese Wikipedia: 廣東麻雀 (Guangdong mahjong), Hong Kong edition.
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80
AI summary Guangdong mahjong as the Clear Chapter game with New Chapter hands added in stages (六獨, then 十八番 and 無奇不有), and lately Japanese and Taiwanese hands; hands worth up to 40 番 with no cap (big four winds plus all honours is 80), i.e. additive; some players count the chicken hand as a hand. Names the 明星三缺一 and 神來也 video games.
Cited for: Guangdong style
136. Commercial "香港十三張麻將 遊戲說明〔台灣〕" (Hong Kong 13-tile mahjong: game guide, Taiwan). Online game help page, ethink4u.com.
http://www.ethink4u.com/cycgamehelp/MJ13HK/MJ13HKHelp_Big5.html
AI summary A Taiwanese online game's rules for 香港十三張, 'also called 廣東麻將': a three-fan minimum, a fan list mixing classical, New Chapter and Japanese-named hands (二盃口, 純全帶么, 三同刻), and an exponential fan-to-score table from 20 points at 0 fan to 7,680 at 13.
Cited for: Guangdong style
137. Historical Himly, Karl. "Morgenländisch oder abendländisch? Forschungen nach gewissen Spielausdrücken." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 43 (1889): 415-463. Internet Archive scan.
https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftderde0043ewin
AI summary PRIMARY. A German sinologist's survey of Chinese cards and dominoes, from the packs in his own collection. Page 461 counts his Ningbo bamboo tile set piece by piece: the earliest description of a proto-mahjong set by its owner.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong
138. Historical Himly, Karl. "Die Abteilung der Spiele im 'Spiegel der Mandschu-Sprache'." T'oung Pao, 2nd series, 2 (1901): 1-23, continued in later issues. Internet Archive scan.
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56066
AI summary PRIMARY. Himly's study of the games chapter of a Manchu dictionary. Pages 20-23 describe his Ningbo bamboo set again, tile by tile, with the colours of each engraving and the size of the pieces. The text Depaulis translated for The Playing-Card.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong
139. Historical 胡思敬 (Hu Sijing). 《國聞備乘》 (Guowen beicheng), preface dated 宣統辛亥十月 (1911). Chinese Wikisource text.
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%9E%E5%82%99%E4%B9%98
AI summary PRIMARY. A censor's notes on the court and officials of the last Qing decades, written in Beijing from 1894. Its entry 叉麻雀 is a short, dated statement of where the game came from and how far it had spread.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong
140. Historical 徐珂 (Xu Ke), comp. 《清稗類鈔》 (Qing bai lei chao), 賭博類 [Gambling]. Shanghai: 商務印書館 (Commercial Press), 1917. Chinese Wikisource text, volume 087.
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A8%97%E9%A1%9E%E9%88%94/087
AI summary PRIMARY, though an anecdote collection. The gambling section has entries on the card game 碰和, on dominoes, on 馬弔, and on 叉麻雀: the tile set, the Ningbo origin, the Taiping story of the 化 tiles, and a poem naming late-Qing hands.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese classical
141. Journalism [Powell, J. B., attributed.] "Ma Chang Invented in China Spreads All Over the World." The China Weekly Review 25 (5), 30 June 1923. Unsigned. Internet Archive scan.
https://archive.org/details/per_china-monthly-review_the-china-weekly-review_1923-06-30_25_5
AI summary The Shanghai weekly's lead feature on the American craze, opening with a legend of the game's invention. The earliest printed telling of the Chen Yumen story found so far.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong
142. Encyclopedia Japanese Wikipedia: 麻雀 (Mahjong).
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80
AI summary The Japanese general article. Its history section gives the Chen Yumen account as the most likely theory, and dates the earliest printed uses of the words 麻雀牌 and 麻將.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong
143. Law Office of the Licensing Authority, Home Affairs Department, Hong Kong. Mahjong/Tin Kau Licence: Application Forms and Guide, version 12/2025.
https://www.hadla.gov.hk/el/filemanager/common/docs/forms/MJ-TK_Application_Forms_Guide_eng.pdf
AI summary The licensing office's guide to the mahjong/tin kau licence. It quotes section 22 of the Gambling Ordinance (Cap. 148), under which premises are licensed "for the playing therein of games in which mahjong or tin kau tiles are used", and the licence's prescribed conditions: play only from noon to midnight, no one under 18, no credit, fees and commission posted in English and Chinese, commission capped by the licence, police entry, and monthly accounts.
Cited for: Hong Kong old style, Modern HKOS
144. Encyclopedia Chinese Wikipedia: 麻雀館 (Mahjong parlour), Hong Kong edition.
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80%E9%A4%A8
AI summary The Chinese article on mahjong parlours. Its Hong Kong history, all uncited: the 1871 ban on gambling houses spared mahjong parlours; in 1956 parlours had to be licensed by the police licensing office, and 144 licences were issued, one per tile; the English name became 'Mahjong school' to avoid the gambling ban.
Cited for: Hong Kong old style
145. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "Mahjong school."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahjong_school
AI summary The English article on Hong Kong's licensed mahjong parlours: tolerated since the 1871 ban on gambling businesses, required after the Second World War to hold mahjong/tin kau licences under the name 'mahjong schools'. Its historical statements carry no citations.
Cited for: Hong Kong old style
146. Scholarship 魯金 (Lu Jin). 《香港賭博簡史》 (A Brief History of Gambling in Hong Kong). Hong Kong: 三聯書店 (Joint Publishing), 2023. Excerpt "香港曾經有「麻雀學校」？" on the publisher's site, 11 February 2024.
AI summary A local historian's account of Hong Kong gambling, read here only in the publisher's excerpt on mahjong parlours: club-style parlours after the 1867 relaxation, the post-war police move to close them, the owners' petition, the licences that followed, and the 'mahjong school' mistranslation.
Cited for: Hong Kong old style
147. Tournament rules 香港麻雀協會 (Hong Kong Mahjong Association). 《GGHK 麻雀大賽 十三張清張麻雀規則》 (GGHK Mahjong Tournament: 13-tile Clear Chapter Rules), last revised 17 May 2023. 22 pp.
AI summary The Association's rules for the 13-tile game at the GGHK tournament, which also has 16-tile New Chapter and riichi events. The Chinese edition of the Association's rulebook, written for referees and players: procedure, penalties, the faan list and a score table.
Cited for: Modern HKOS
148. Tournament rules 筲箕灣官立中學校友會 (Shau Kei Wan Government Secondary School Alumni Association). 《週年會慶麻雀王比賽章程》 (Anniversary Mahjong King Competition Rules), for the competition of 2 July 2005. 3 pp.
http://www.sgssaa.org.hk/download/mj_rule05.pdf
AI summary A club's rules for a one-day knockout tournament: the format, the playing rules in ten short clauses, and a payment table. A rare dated record of the rules ordinary Hong Kong players used, outside the Association.
Cited for: Modern HKOS
149. Commercial Hong Kong Mahjong app. "Hong Kong Mahjong Rules: Complete Guide to Cantonese Mahjong (2026)." mahjonggame.hk.
https://www.mahjonggame.hk/learn/hk-mahjong/rules
AI summary A mahjong app's rules page for Hong Kong play: tiles, flowers as optional bonuses, a table of common fan values, and the app's own table modes.
Cited for: Modern HKOS
150. Encyclopedia Chinese Wikipedia: 廣東麻雀胡牌列表 (List of Guangdong mahjong winning hands).
AI summary The Chinese list of New Chapter (新章) winning hands, from 0 to 40 fan, with the variants players set for themselves. It cites two dead web sources, a Hong Kong fan table on astropeople.net and the Taiwanese game 神來也's scoring page, both through Wayback captures.
Cited for: Guangdong style
151. Commercial 慧邦科技 Gamesofa Inc. (Taipei). 《神來也13張麻雀》 (GodGame 13-tile mahjong): 算分方式 (Scoring). gamesofa.com, formerly godgame.com.tw.
http://www.gamesofa.com/13mj/?op=rule_guide&topic=list2_3
AI summary The scoring rules of a Taiwanese online game's 13-tile Hong Kong / Guangdong table: counting principles, then the hands at 40, 20, 10, 7, 5, 3 and 1 fan, flowers and the dealer. One of the two sources Chinese Wikipedia's hand list is built on.
Cited for: Guangdong style
152. Tournament rules 華人麻將競技聯盟 (CML, Chinese Mahjong League). 《賽事規則》: 台灣競技麻將賽事規則 (Taiwanese competition mahjong rules). cml88.com. Undated.
https://cml88.com/%E8%B3%BD%E4%BA%8B%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87/
AI summary A Taiwanese league's rules for its three competition games: Taiwanese, the Chinese Official rules (1998, with its own supplementary rules) and Japanese riichi. The Taiwanese rules cover conduct, flowers, calls, kongs, winning, passing a winning tile (過水), the dead-hand penalty (相公), false wins and the order of priority between claims.
Cited for: Taiwanese style
153. Law 臺灣臺北地方檢察署 (Taipei District Prosecutors Office). 陳品妤, 「小賭怡情不可以嗎？淺談麻將與刑法賭博罪」 (Is a small bet for fun not allowed? Mahjong and the Criminal Code's gambling offence). 生活與法律, 6 February 2024.
https://www.tpc.moj.gov.tw/292885/976681/661783/1147551/post
AI summary A prosecutor's plain-language explainer, prompted by a raid on a mahjong 'leisure hall'. It quotes Criminal Code arts. 266 and 268 and applies them to mahjong played in open-door 'associations' and halls, at home, and online.
Cited for: Taiwanese style
154. Commercial 慧邦科技 Gamesofa Inc. (Taipei). 《神來也16張麻將》: 神來也麻將台數簡表 and 麻將基本規則及玩法說明 (tai table; basic rules). gamesofa.com.
https://www.gamesofa.com/mj/?op=rule_guide&topic=k
AI summary A Taiwanese online game's rules for 16-tile mahjong: the basic rules and restrictions, and a full tai table with worked examples, from 屁胡 (0 tai) to 天胡 (24).
Cited for: Taiwanese style
155. Commercial GameTower (gametower.com.tw). 《明星三缺一》: 麻將介紹及教戰 (Mahjong introduction and tactics).
https://www.gametower.com.tw/Games/Freeplay/MJ/Star31/Data/i_ingame-mjintro.aspx
AI summary The in-game introduction to the online game 明星三缺一 (Star 3-lack-1): a short history, the difference between Taiwanese 16-tile and Guangdong 13-tile play, and the tile sets of each.
Cited for: Taiwanese style
156. Encyclopedia Chinese Wikipedia: 十六張麻將 (Sixteen-tile mahjong).
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%BC%B5%E9%BA%BB%E5%B0%87
AI summary A short article listing the sixteen-tile games (Fuzhou, Taiwanese, Fujian, Hong Kong 16-tile) and places where 16-tile play is or was found, citing a Japanese history site.
Cited for: Taiwanese style
157. Official rules Hong Kong Mahjong Association (香港麻雀協會). "16-Tile Modern Mahjong Rulebook", latest version 17 May 2023; Chinese edition 《港式十六張新章麻雀總例》, revised 28 July 2025. Google Docs, linked from hkmahjong.org/rules.
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_TNf3YYWCCi5Z-SMssIRSB0dRPjfMCvbkTp5cCjLv9A/edit
AI summary The Association's competition rules for the Hong Kong sixteen-tile game: tiles, dealing, calls, the ready declaration (Ting), winning patterns, settlement with the carried stake ('drag and chop'), mid-game bonuses, penalties and the full faan list.
Cited for: Hong Kong Taiwanese
158. Journalism HK01 (香港01). 「港式台灣麻雀 新年必裝App計番、實戰規則、計番對照圖！一文學曉」, 25 January 2020 (updated 24 June 2020).
AI summary A Hong Kong news site's New Year guide to Hong Kong-style Taiwanese mahjong: how it differs from Guangdong play, the base and carried-stake rules, penalties, a scoring chart, and a scoring app.
Cited for: Hong Kong Taiwanese
159. Scholarship Ebashi Takashi (江橋崇). 「（七）中国国外に残る花牌麻雀」 ('Flower-tile mahjong surviving outside China'), in 麻雀牌が語る麻雀の歴史, 五 花牌の盛衰史. Japan Playing Card Museum (日本かるた文化館), 2018-2023.
https://japanplayingcardmuseum.com/010-5-mahjong-flowertiles-asiancountries/
AI summary A one-page Japanese study of the extra flower tiles in Vietnamese, Thai, Malaysian and Singaporean sets, drawn from the sets themselves: which flowers each region's sets carry, and a hypothesis for why the south kept so many.
Cited for: Nanyang variants, Singapore style, Malaysian 4-player, Vietnamese classical
160. Scholarship Stanwick, Michael, and Xu Hongbing. "Flowers and Kings: An Hypothesis of their Function in Early Ma Que." The Playing-Card 37, no. 1 (2008): 29-40. Web edition at The Mahjong Tile Set.
AI summary Reads the 'inner flower' jokers and 'outer flower' bonus tiles of the earliest sets through Liu Yishu's 1941 description of North China's 花麻雀, and, after Depaulis, matches the Vietnamese 'king' tiles described by Nguyen Xuan Mai (1950) to Changsha 王麻雀.
Cited for: Nanyang variants, Vietnamese classical
161. Guide Phua, Edwin. "Rules of Singapore Style Mahjong: Scoring." Singapore Sparrows (blog), 21 August 2011.
https://mahjongsingapore.blogspot.com/2011/08/rules-of-singapore-style-mahjong.html
AI summary Part of a series documenting Singapore Style rules, by a Singaporean MCR player who taught mahjong and refereed community-centre tournaments: payment, doubles (番/台), the minimum and limit, and base stakes with score tables.
Cited for: Singapore style
162. Guide Phua, Edwin. "A Need for Standardisation of Rules for Mahjong Tournaments in Singapore." Singapore Sparrows (blog), October 2012.
https://mahjongsingapore.blogspot.com/2012/10/a-need-for-standardisation-of-rules-for.html
AI summary A referee's account of community-centre mahjong tournaments in Singapore: their legal position, the rules sheets they issued, and how far those departed from common Singapore Style play.
Cited for: Singapore style
163. Journalism TheSmartLocal. "Singapore Mahjong Rules: Guide & Tips To Know." Last updated by Nathan Koh, 11 December 2025.
https://thesmartlocal.com/read/mahjong-rules-singapore/
AI summary A Singapore lifestyle site's beginner's guide to the local game: equipment, the 148 tiles, dealing, ways to earn tai, and the two common payment customs.
Cited for: Singapore style
164. Law Tan, Desmond (Minister of State for Home Affairs). Second reading speech, Gambling Control Bill 2022 and Gambling Regulatory Authority of Singapore Bill 2022, Parliament of Singapore, 11 March 2022. Published by the Gambling Regulatory Authority.
AI summary The government's explanation of the Gambling Control Act 2022, which replaced the Common Gaming Houses Act and the Betting Act: the social-gambling exemption (clause 12) and the new licensing of gambling among members of clubs and clans.
Cited for: Singapore style
165. Law Tan, Desmond (Minister of State for Home Affairs). Wrap-up speech, Gambling Control Bill and Gambling Regulatory Authority of Singapore Bill, Parliament of Singapore, 11 March 2022. Ministry of Home Affairs.
AI summary The minister's answers to members' questions on the social-gambling exemption: where it applies, minors, and why it is framed as a tightening.
Cited for: Singapore style
166. Scholarship Mahjong Treasures (Gregg Swain), posted as 'Kuan Yin'. "Singapore in the 1930s." 16 October 2016.
https://www.mahjongtreasures.com/2016/10/16/singapore-in-the-1930s/
AI summary A collector's reading of a 1930s set probably made in Singapore, with sixteen flower tiles, twelve of them anti-Japanese propaganda; notes Singapore's 'capture' flower tiles as a local feature.
Cited for: Nanyang variants, Singapore style
167. Encyclopedia Chinese Wikipedia: 馬來西亞三人麻雀 (Malaysian three-player mahjong).
AI summary A full Chinese account of the three-player game: the 84 tiles and substitutes for them from an ordinary set, the deal, the use of the 飛 jokers, and a fan table. Tagged in September 2025 as unreferenced original research.
Cited for: Malaysian 3-player
169. Guide miniliew. "How to Play 3-Players Mahjong." miniLiew (blog), 13 February 2021.
https://miniliew.org/2021/02/13/how-to-play-3-players-mahjong/
AI summary A Malaysian family blogger's notes on the three-player game, reposting a set of rules images shared on Facebook.
Cited for: Malaysian 3-player
170. Commercial GoPlayPlay. "Mahjong 3Players (English)." Google Play listing.
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.goplayplay.game.m3pen&hl=en_US
AI summary An online three-player game sold in Singapore and Malaysia (the Chinese edition is called 新馬版三人麻將), whose listing sets out how its rules differ from the table game.
Cited for: Malaysian 3-player
171. Law Laws of Malaysia, Act 289: Common Gaming Houses Act 1953. Reprint incorporating all amendments up to 1 January 2006. Commissioner of Law Revision, Malaysia, 2006.
https://lom.agc.gov.my/ilims/upload/portal/akta/LOM/EN/Act%20289.pdf
AI summary Malaysia's federal law against common gaming houses and public gaming: the definitions of gaming and of a common gaming house, the offences and penalties, and schedules naming the games it treats as bankers' games and other games.
Cited for: Malaysian 3-player, Malaysian 4-player, Pong
172. Guide AskLegal.my. "Is Online Gambling Legal in Malaysia? Casinos, Sports Betting and Home Games." Published 25 August 2026.
https://asklegal.my/p/malaysia-illegal-gambling-betting-genting-chinese-new-year
AI summary A Malaysian legal-information site's explainer on gambling law, including whether a family mahjong game at home is exempt; cites the Act 289 reprint and the Attorney General's Chambers record.
Cited for: Malaysian 3-player
173. Encyclopedia Chinese Wikipedia: 馬來西亞四人麻雀 (Malaysian four-player mahjong).
AI summary An article on a four-player Malaysian game: a 164-tile set, then a 144-tile rule set and a 15-fan scoring table that the article itself calls self-devised, for want of any published Malaysian four-player rules.
Cited for: Singapore style, Malaysian 4-player
174. Commercial Mahjong Pros. "Beginner's Guide to Malaysian Mahjong." Mahjong Pros (retailer's blog).
https://mahjongpros.com/blogs/how-to-play/beginners-guide-to-malaysian-mahjong
AI summary A mahjong-set retailer's guide to 'Malaysian mahjong', which it describes as a three-player game: the 84 tiles, the Fly, the deal and the 5-fan minimum.
Cited for: Malaysian 3-player, Malaysian 4-player
175. Encyclopedia Baidu Baike (English edition). "Malaysia Mahjong."
https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Malaysia%20Mahjong/1499384
AI summary The Chinese encyclopedia's entry on 马来西亚麻将, in English translation: the three-player game, its deal, flowers and fan, with worked examples.
Cited for: Malaysian 3-player, Malaysian 4-player
176. Guide "Malaysian Mahjong." A Day in Everybody Else's Life (blog), April 2010.
http://thewriter2006.blogspot.com/2010/04/malaysian-mahjong.html
AI summary A Malaysian player's notes on the local game from memory: three players, the Fei jokers, a list of fan and limit hands, and payment for Fei at the end of a hand.
Cited for: Malaysian 3-player, Malaysian 4-player
177. Law Philippines. Presidential Decree No. 1602, "Prescribing Stiffer Penalties on Illegal Gambling", 11 June 1978. Text at the LawPhil Project.
https://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1978/pd_1602_1978.html
AI summary The Marcos-era decree that raised penalties for illegal gambling, naming mahjong among 'games using plastic tiles'.
Cited for: Filipino style
178. Law Philippines. Letter of Instructions No. 816, "To exclude certain prohibited games under Presidential Decree No. 1602", 20 February 1979. Text at the Chan Robles Virtual Law Library.
https://chanrobles.com/letterofinstructions/letterofinstructionsno816.html
AI summary The instruction exempting mahjong, among other games, from Presidential Decree 1602 when played as a parlour game or for home entertainment.
Cited for: Filipino style
179. Journalism The Freeman (Cebu). "Ordinance regulating mahjong." Opinion, 19 March 2014.
https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2014/03/19/1302625/ordinance-regulating-mahjong
AI summary A Cebu newspaper column on Cebu City Ordinance No. 125 of 1952, which licensed mahjong tables, and on the later national decrees.
Cited for: Filipino style
180. Journalism Garcia, Myles A. "Oh How I Miss Manila Mahjong." Positively Filipino, 9 October 2018.
https://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/oh-how-i-miss-manila-mahjong
AI summary A Filipino-American writer's memoir of mahjong in Manila households and parlours, comparing the Manila game with the Hong Kong, Japanese and American ones.
Cited for: Filipino style
181. Commercial Mahjong Pros. "Official Filipino Mahjong Rules." Mahjong Pros (retailer's blog).
https://mahjongpros.com/blogs/mahjong-rules-and-scoring-tables/official-filipino-mahjong-rules
AI summary A mahjong-set retailer's full rules for the Filipino game, with its Tagalog and Spanish terms and a scoring table. 'Official' is the retailer's word; no body stands behind it.
Cited for: Filipino style
182. Guide "The Filipino Mahjong Game." delasalaspost.com (author not named).
https://delasalaspost.com/FlipMahjong.html
AI summary A hobbyist's description of the Filipino game and its Joker variant, written to accompany a computer version of it.
Cited for: Filipino style
183. Journalism Kuroki Masaki (黒木真生). 「プロ麻雀界近代史 セブ島のカジノ麻雀」 (Modern history of professional mahjong: casino mahjong on Cebu). 近代麻雀黒木 (note.com, edited by Takeshobo's Kindai Mahjong), 25 November 2023. Free opening; the rest for subscribers.
https://note.com/kinmakuroki/n/n7e277b57418c
AI summary A Japanese mahjong journalist's account of the three-player casino game introduced in Cebu in 2003 under the name BASHI-BASHI, with its rules, from a visit he made to film it for television.
Cited for: Bashi-Bashi
184. Encyclopedia Japanese Wikipedia: 東天紅 (麻雀) (Tōtenkō, three-player mahjong).
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%A4%A9%E7%B4%85_(%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80)
AI summary The Kantō three-player rule set named after a former Akasaka mahjong parlour: its tiles, its bonus tiles (ガリ), its scoring by points per hand, and its special hands. Cites Itō Takuma's 2015 book on Japanese gambling games.
Cited for: Bashi-Bashi, Sanma
185. Encyclopedia Vietnamese Wikipedia: Mạt chược.
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1t_ch%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c
AI summary The Vietnamese article on mahjong, which describes the Vietnamese game in Vietnamese terms: the 160-tile set with its 'frame' jokers (khung), the play, the penalties, and the named hands with their values in phán and mủn. Tagged as unsourced.
Cited for: Vietnamese classical, Vietnamese modern
186. Guide McGill Students' Mahjong Club. "A Quick Look at Mahjong around the World: Vietnamese Mahjong." McGill Mahjong (blog), August 2015.
http://mcgillmahjong.blogspot.com/2015/08/a-quick-look-at-mahjong-around-world_6.html
AI summary A student club's summary of the Vietnamese game for players of other styles: the tile set, the jokers, the bonus tiles and what little the author could find on scoring.
Cited for: Vietnamese classical, Vietnamese modern
187. Commercial Mahjong Pros. "Beginner's Guide to Southern Vietnamese Mahjong." Mahjong Pros (retailer's blog).
https://mahjongpros.com/blogs/how-to-play/beginners-guide-to-vietnamese-mahjong
AI summary A mahjong-set retailer's rules for the Vietnamese game as played in the South: the 160-tile set and its jokers, the deal, calls in Vietnamese terms, and scoring in phán and mủn with a payment table.
Cited for: Vietnamese classical, Vietnamese modern
188. Commercial Chop Suey Club. "Ivory White Tile Vietnamese Mahjong Set." Product listing.
https://www.chopsueyclub.com/products/ivory-white-tile-vietnamese-mahjong-set
AI summary A US retailer's listing for a Vietnamese mahjong set, giving its tile contents.
Cited for: Vietnamese modern
189. Scholarship Pollard, George. "ไพ่ตอง · Pai Tong." Ways To Play (games.porg.es), last updated 16 February 2025.
https://games.porg.es/games/pai-tong/
AI summary A games historian's account of the Thai money-card game Pai Tong (also Pai Phong), with a section on the Malaysian form called Pong, drawn from Dobree's Gambling Games of Malaya (1955), pp. 137-138, and from Thai sources.
Cited for: Pong
190. Scholarship Pollard, George. "Gambling Games of Malaya (1955)." Ways To Play (games.porg.es), last updated 10 March 2025.
https://games.porg.es/articles/lists/gambling-games-of-malaya/
AI summary An annotated list of the games in C. T. Dobree's Gambling Games of Malaya, with a note on the author and on the book's use in the region's gaming laws.
Cited for: Pong
191. Official rules 国家体育总局社会体育指导中心 (Social Sports Guidance Centre, General Administration of Sport of China). 《中国麻将竞赛规则（试行）》 (Chinese Mahjong Competition Rules, trial), July 1998. Beijing: 人民体育出版社, 1998, ISBN 7-5009-1630-2. Text at Chinese Wikisource.
AI summary The 1998 rules as transcribed on Wikisource: the preface explaining why the state codified the game, the equipment, play, the conditions for a win, scoring, penalties, appeals and the codes of conduct. Marked as excerpted from the book; the full table of scoring patterns is not in it.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official, MCR scoring reference
192. Tournament rules European Mahjong Association. "MERS Tournament Regulations – Mahjong Competition Rules." PDF, version 1.1, August 2010.
http://mahjong-europe.org/portal/images/docs/mcr_regulations.pdf
AI summary The EMA's supplement to the WMO rulebook for its ranked (MERS) tournaments: behaviour, calls, time limits, irregularities and penalties, and appeals, taking the 2006 'Green Book' as the reference. Signed 'MERS regulations MCR – vs. 1.1 August 2010' and 'First used during the WMC 2010'.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official, MCR scoring reference
193. Encyclopedia Chinese Wikipedia: 国标麻将 (Guobiao mahjong).
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E5%9B%BD%E6%A0%87%E9%BA%BB%E5%B0%86
AI summary The Chinese article on MCR: a dated history of how the 1998 rules were drafted, the equipment, flow of play, scoring, the five principles for combining patterns, and the highest possible hand. Cites the 1998 book and Du Weizhong's 2006 question-and-answer guide to it.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official, MCR scoring reference
194. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "World Mahjong Organization."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Mahjong_Organization
AI summary The governing body of MCR: its background, founding, congresses and world championships.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official
195. Official rules World Mahjong Organization. Mahjong Competition Rules (the edition filed as "MCR 2014"). Trilingual Chinese, English and Japanese text. PDF hosted by Sylvain Malbec, ooyamaneko.net.
https://ooyamaneko.net/download/mahjong/mcr/MCR_2014_en.pdf
AI summary The later WMO rulebook. Same 81 fan and five counting principles as the 2006 Green Book, with the twelve point grades written out (88 down to 1, including 48). The text carries the 2006 preface; the edition date comes from the file's label and PDF metadata (April 2014).
Cited for: MCR scoring reference
196. Guide Starbäck, Per. "Beyond the Green Book." Version 2, 20 May 2008. PDF hosted by Sylvain Malbec, ooyamaneko.net (originally starback.se/mj/beyond/, now gone).
https://ooyamaneko.net/download/mahjong/mcr/Beyond_the_Green_Book_en.pdf
AI summary A player's ten-page commentary on the points of MCR 2006 scoring that are disputed or unclear: implications, the Account-Once Principle, kongs, the winning tile, flowers.
Cited for: MCR scoring reference
197. Official rules "Explanation of Mahjong Competition Rules." Word document attributed to the World Mahjong Contest Center (Starbäck dates it October 2007). Hosted by Sylvain Malbec, ooyamaneko.net.
https://ooyamaneko.net/download/mahjong/mcr/Explanation_of_Mahjong_Competition_Rules_en.doc
AI summary Worked examples of the five counting principles and per-fan rulings on what may be added. Starbäck calls it unpublished; the extracted text names no author.
Cited for: MCR scoring reference
198. Official rules Kwan, Alan. "Selection Criteria for the Patterns." Zung Jung Mahjong Scoring System official website.
https://www.zj-mahjong.info/zj_select_eng.html
AI summary The designer's own account of how the patterns were chosen: 'largely based on that of Modern Japanese mahjong', then filtered by stated criteria.
Cited for: Zung Jung
199. Official rules Kwan, Alan Shiu Ho (關兆豪). 〈論世界麻將大賽規則（中庸）的「雞和」問題〉 (On the chicken-hand question in the World Series of Mahjong rules). zj-mahjong.info, 2016.
https://www.zj-mahjong.info/zj_chicken_hk.html
AI summary Why the World Series of Mahjong rules set no minimum hand; notes the second World Series banned the chicken hand and the v2.0 prize format from the third.
Cited for: Zung Jung
200. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "World Series Of Mahjong."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_Of_Mahjong
AI summary The tournament that adopted Zung Jung: founded 2007 by World Mahjong Ltd., held at Macau in 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2015.
Cited for: Zung Jung
201. Guide Sloper, Tom. "Weekly Mahjong" column 307. Sloperama, 25 February 2007.
https://sloperama.com/mahjongg/column307c.html
AI summary A contemporary report on the rival 2007 'World Series' events, naming the June Macau event as the one using Alan Kwan's Zung Jung rules.
Cited for: Zung Jung
202. Guide McGill Students' Mahjong Club. "A Quick Look at Mahjong around the World: Zung Jung." McGill Mahjong (blog), 31 July 2015.
http://mcgillmahjong.blogspot.com/2015/07/a-quick-look-at-mahjong-around-world_31.html
AI summary A club's overview of Zung Jung and the World Series of Mahjong rules, with an invention date of 1997.
Cited for: Zung Jung
203. Guide "What's Zung Jung?" Zung Jung Mahjong .com (a player's fan site, author not named).
https://www.zungjungmahjong.com/whats-zung-jung/
AI summary A fan's introduction: the system's aims, its adoption by the World Series of Mahjong, and its unofficial names.
Cited for: Zung Jung
204. Guide "Almost Better Than Houdini: The Disappearing and Reappearing World Series of Mahjong." Zung Jung Mahjong .com, 6 September 2019.
https://www.zungjungmahjong.com/almost-better-than-houdini/
AI summary A fan's account of the irregular World Series of Mahjong, last held in 2015.
Cited for: Zung Jung
205. Organisation Zung Jung Movement (Limit Cycle Entertainment LLC). "What is Zung Jung?"
https://zungjungmovement.org/what-is-zung-jung/
AI summary A tournament organiser built on Zung Jung; places it in the 'New Style' family and says Kwan began as a riichi player.
Cited for: Zung Jung
206. Law Macau SAR. Lei n.º 16/2001 (第16/2001號法律), "Regime jurídico da exploração de jogos de fortuna ou azar em casino" (娛樂場幸運博彩經營法律制度). Text as published by the DICJ.
https://www.dicj.gov.mo/web/cn/legislation/FortunaAzar/lei_01_016.html
AI summary The law that governs casino gaming in Macau since 2001. Article 3(3) lists the games of fortune a casino may operate, mahjong (麻雀) among them, beside mahjong baccarat and mahjong pai gow.
Cited for: Macau official casino mahjong
207. Commercial CEIC Data. "Macau Gaming: Gross Revenue: Games of Fortune: Mahjong." Annual series, 2000-2017, sourced to the Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau.
AI summary A data vendor's republication of the regulator's annual gross revenue for mahjong in Macau casinos.
Cited for: Macau official casino mahjong
208. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Chinese). 〈澳門博彩業〉 (Gambling in Macau).
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E5%8D%9A%E5%BD%A9%E6%A5%AD
AI summary The Chinese article on Macau's gaming industry, with a list of the 28 authorised casino games marked by which were then being operated.
Cited for: Macau official casino mahjong
209. Journalism AFP. "Mahjong masters clack tiles in glitzy Macau casino." Yahoo News Singapore, 6 December 2015.
https://sg.news.yahoo.com/mahjong-masters-clack-tiles-glitzy-macau-casino-202757837.html
AI summary A wire report from the 2015 World Series of Mahjong at the Venetian Macao: tournament play in a casino hotel, not the casino-banked game.
Cited for: Macau official casino mahjong
210. Journalism DeHart, Jonathan. "Mahjong: The King of Chinese Games." The Diplomat, October 2013.
https://thediplomat.com/2013/10/mahjong-the-king-of-chinese-games/
AI summary A feature on mahjong in China: the 1949 ban, its lifting in 1985, and a record-setting game of 2,380 players in Dujiangyan, Sichuan.
Cited for: Mainland regionals
211. Journalism 赵旭腾 (Zhao Xuteng). 〈麻将起源考：并非郑和发明，在宁波定型并走向全国〉. 澎湃新闻 (The Paper), 私家历史, 15 December 2018.
https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2626049
AI summary An origin study arguing that mahjong took its fixed form in Ningbo and spread from there across China, citing late-Qing writers.
Cited for: Mainland regionals
212. Commercial "麻将来了（QQ麻将）." Tencent app listing, Apple App Store (China).
https://apps.apple.com/cn/app/id1184823356
AI summary A commercial mahjong app whose listing advertises more than a hundred regional rule sets, naming a sample of them.
Cited for: Mainland regionals, Fuzhou style
213. Commercial "我国麻将游戏的种类有多少？" 91麻将游戏网 (mj.91y.com), 28 February 2015.
https://mj.91y.com/mjxz13.html
AI summary An online mahjong site's survey of six regional styles: Changsha, Sichuan, Wuhan, Hangzhou, Guangdong and the national competition rules.
Cited for: Mainland regionals, Sichuan / Hunan / Tibetan
214. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Chinese). 〈四川麻將〉 (Sichuan mahjong).
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E9%BA%BB%E5%B0%87
AI summary The Chinese article on Sichuan mahjong and its Chengdu rules: 108 suit tiles, no chows, a hand of at most two suits, play on after the first win (血战到底). Tagged as unreferenced.
Cited for: Sichuan / Hunan / Tibetan, Sichuan bloody rules, Sichuan 72-tile game
215. Commercial 黄金岛 (Huangjindao). 〈长沙麻将 游戏规则〉. Official site of the Huangjindao online game platform.
https://www.80166.com/guide/rule/csmj.html
AI summary An online platform's full rules for Changsha (Hunan) mahjong: 108 tiles, 2-5-8 pairs for small wins, opening-hand wins, big wins with any pair.
Cited for: Sichuan / Hunan / Tibetan
216. Guide Osamuko (David). "Mahjong Teaching Method, Tibet Rules." Osamuko's Mahjong Blog, 13 May 2016. Cited from the Wayback Machine capture of 7 February 2026; the osamuko.com registration lapses on 15 October 2026.
https://web.archive.org/web/20260207141034/https://osamuko.com/mahjong-teaching-method-tibet-rules/
AI summary Benjamin Boas's 'Tibet Rules', as used to teach at PAX East 2016: a stepwise way into mahjong with no honours, no chows and pon only, ending at 13 tiles in two suits.
Cited for: Sichuan / Hunan / Tibetan
217. Guide "Tibetan Mahjong." Compendium of Personal Ignorance (xiongnu.org wiki).
http://www.xiongnu.org/wiki/doku.php?id=games:riichi_mahjong:tibetan_mahjong
AI summary A wiki note on 'Tibetan Mahjong, or Mahjong Tibet Rules': a teaching method, brought from Japan by Benjamin Boas, whose name has no known origin.
Cited for: Sichuan / Hunan / Tibetan
218. Encyclopedia Baidu Baike (English). "Sichuan Bloody Battle Mahjong."
https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Sichuan%20Bloody%20Battle%20Mahjong/884237
AI summary Baidu's entry on the bloody rules, taking Chengdu as the example: 108 tiles, one suit missing, play on until three have won, the flower-pig check at a draw, with worked payment examples.
Cited for: Sichuan bloody rules
219. Journalism 《中国国家地理》 (Chinese National Geography). 〈中国麻将江湖〉. Published on Tencent News, 16 January 2023.
https://news.qq.com/rain/a/20230116A05BA000
AI summary A magazine feature on regional mahjong in China, with a section on Sichuan and Chongqing that separates 血战到底 from 血流成河. Its Guangdong section repeats the 2007 game-site text on the four schools (鸡平胡, 推倒胡, 新章, 老章) almost word for word, so it is not an independent witness for Guangdong.
Cited for: Guangdong style, Mainland regionals, Sichuan bloody rules
220. Scholarship Wang, Di. "Mahjong and Urban Life: Individual Rights, Collective Interests, and City Image in Post-Mao China." International Journal of Asian Studies 11, no. 2 (July 2014): 187-210.
AI summary A historian's study of mahjong in Chengdu at the turn of the twenty-first century: neighbours, residential committees, the city government and the state. Read in abstract only.
Cited for: Sichuan bloody rules
221. Guide Baidu Jingyan. 〈四川麻将规则及游戏简介〉 (user asdasdk_654), updated 4 February 2012.
https://jingyan.baidu.com/article/93f9803fceafd8e0e46f55e0.html
AI summary A user-written how-to on Sichuan mahjong rules: 108 tiles, no honours or flowers.
Cited for: Sichuan 72-tile game
222. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Chinese). 〈福州麻雀〉 (Fuzhou mahjong).
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80
AI summary The Chinese article on Fuzhou mahjong: a sixteen-tile hand, honours replaced as flowers, a wild 'gold' tile, no fan; cites 簡而清's 《開檯》 for the end of the wall.
Cited for: Filipino style, Fuzhou style, Fujian style
223. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Chinese). 〈馬祖麻雀〉 (Matsu mahjong).
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%A5%96%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80
AI summary Fuzhou mahjong as played in the Matsu Islands (Lienchiang County, Taiwan): 144 tiles, sixteen-tile hands, the gold, and White standing in for the gold tile's face. Unreferenced.
Cited for: Fuzhou style
224. Commercial Tencent QQ Game. 〈福州麻将〉 game rules, qqgame.qq.com.
https://qqgame.qq.com/app/gamedetail_152.shtml
AI summary The QQ Game platform's rules for Fuzhou mahjong: all 144 tiles, every honour and flower scored as a flower and replaced, seventeen tiles to the dealer and sixteen to the others, and the gold.
Cited for: Fuzhou style
225. Commercial Bianfeng (边锋). 〈福州麻将〉 rules, gameabc.com.
http://old3w.gameabc.com/gamehome/rule/nmjfz.html
AI summary A second online platform's Fuzhou rules, agreeing with QQ Game, with the scoring of 抢金, 平胡 and the other special wins.
Cited for: Fuzhou style
226. Forum 豆瓣 (Douban) group post. 〈厦门麻将【科普】〉 (Xiamen mahjong explained).
https://www.douban.com/group/topic/22687534/
AI summary A player's write-up of Xiamen mahjong: the full 144-tile set, the wild gold tile and how it is turned up, honours played as ordinary tiles.
Cited for: Fujian style
227. Commercial 斗智斗勇 / fj173.net. 〈厦门麻将〉 game details.
http://www.fj173.net/gamedetail.do?gameId=909
AI summary A Fujian online platform's rules for Xiamen mahjong: turning the gold, replacing flowers from the tail of the wall, 游金 ('swimming gold') and its double and triple forms.
Cited for: Fujian style
228. Commercial 心悦游戏. 〈心悦厦门麻将〉 game page.
http://xinyueyouxi.com/game/217-22
AI summary A second Xiamen mahjong app's scoring: points for flowers, golds and honour pungs and kongs, with multipliers for self-draw, three golds and the 游金 wins.
Cited for: Fujian style
229. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Chinese). 〈北京麻將〉 (Beijing mahjong).
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E9%BA%BB%E5%B0%87
AI summary The Chinese article on Beijing mahjong: dated to after the 1990s, the wild tile 混儿 and how it is turned up, the 吃碰提 self-draw rule, and the winning hands. Tagged as unreferenced.
Cited for: Beijing style
230. Commercial 联众世界 (Ourgame). 〈北京麻将游戏介绍 · 游戏规则〉.
https://www.ourgame.com/game/game-intro-new/h2g/bjmj_003.html
AI summary The rules of Beijing mahjong on Ourgame, one of China's oldest online game platforms: 136 tiles, the two forms 推倒和 and 吃碰提, doubling scoring by fan with no cap, and the special hands with their fan.
Cited for: Beijing style
231. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Japanese). 「ドラ (麻雀)」 (Dora).
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9_(%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80)
AI summary The Japanese article on dora: their origin in Kansai bū mahjong after the war, their codification in the 1952 Hochi rules, and red tiles, with both accounts of where those began, the regional variations, and a 1974 tactics book on red tiles west of Kansai. Its history rests on Asami Ryō's site and on Ōkuma Hideo's 1974 book.
Cited for: Houchi rules, Modern rules, Modern riichi / yonma
232. Guide Asami Ryō 浅見了. 「ドラ05・赤牌」 (Dora 5: red tiles). 麻雀祭都 (Asami Ryo Mājan Site).
https://mjradio.web.fc2.com/majansite-mirror/dora05.html
AI summary A question-and-answer page on the first red tiles. It gives two accounts, the 1970 Osaka Expo and the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, prefers the Expo, and then corrects itself from Kindai Mahjong of September 2004. Asami Ryō (浅見了, the pen name of Inoue Takashi, died 2015) was a mahjong writer. His site at www9.plala.or.jp/majan/ no longer answers; it is read through the mirror the Mahjong Radio podcast keeps on fc2.
Cited for: Modern riichi / yonma
233. Guide Asami Ryō 浅見了. 「歴史04・「麻雀」という名称」 (History 4: the name 'mahjong'). 麻雀祭都.
https://mjradio.web.fc2.com/majansite-mirror/rekisi04.html
AI summary On the name: 麻雀 from the card game 馬弔 (madiao), by sound and by the bird on the one of bamboos; read machao, and also written 馬将 and 麻将; Babcock's Mah-Jongg, and the Japanese mājan. Asami Ryō (浅見了, the pen name of Inoue Takashi, died 2015) was a mahjong writer. His site at www9.plala.or.jp/majan/ no longer answers; it is read through the mirror the Mahjong Radio podcast keeps on fc2.
Cited for: Proto-mahjong
234. Guide Asami Ryō 浅見了. 「（14）十六張麻将」 (Sixteen-tile mahjong). 麻雀祭都.
https://mjradio.web.fc2.com/majansite-mirror/his14.html
AI summary Asks when the sixteen-tile game reached Taiwan, and reports a correspondent's 2009 forum post that it survives at Jiangdu (Yangzhou), and an email citing a 1941 book, 《麻雀研究》, for its having been widespread around Beijing and Tianjin. Asami Ryō (浅見了, the pen name of Inoue Takashi, died 2015) was a mahjong writer. His site at www9.plala.or.jp/majan/ no longer answers; it is read through the mirror the Mahjong Radio podcast keeps on fc2.
Cited for: Taiwanese style
235. Official rules Japan Professional Mahjong League 日本プロ麻雀連盟. 「競技ルール」 (Competition rules).
https://www.ma-jan.or.jp/activity/game_rule.html
AI summary The League's rules as a table, setting its official rules beside the WRC rules, a WRC variant with red fives, and M.League's rules for reference. The table is a published Google Sheet embedded in the page.
Cited for: Modern riichi / yonma
236. Official rules Nihon Pro Mahjong Kyōkai 日本プロ麻雀協会. 「日本プロ麻雀協会公式ルール」 (Official rules).
https://npm2001.com/about/rule/
AI summary The association's official rules: 25,000 points returned at 30,000, ippatsu, kan and ura dora, kiriage mangan, and no red fives.
Cited for: Modern riichi / yonma
237. Official rules RMU (Real Mahjong Unit). 「ルール」 (Rules).
AI summary Three official rulesets: A, the basic one; B, without ippatsu, ura or kan dora; and M, which adds one red five per suit and a 25,000-point start to follow M.League.
Cited for: Modern riichi / yonma
238. Tournament rules M.League Mリーグ. 「Mリーグの公式戦ルール」 (Official match rules).
AI summary The professional team league's rules: one red five in each suit, ura dora, ippatsu and bazoro, 25,000 points each, played on automatic tables.
Cited for: Modern riichi / yonma
239. Tournament rules World Riichi Championship. WRC Rules 2025 (v20250526).
https://www.worldriichi.org/s/WRC-Rules-2025-42fx.pdf
AI summary The world championship's rules, first written by Sylvain Malbec in 2013 from nine organisations' rulesets: no red fives; ura, kan and kan ura dora; ippatsu; kiriage mangan; 30,000 points with no oka.
Cited for: Modern riichi / yonma
240. Official rules European Mahjong Association. Riichi Rules 2025. August 2025.
http://mahjong-europe.org/portal/images/docs/Riichi-rules-2025-EN.pdf
AI summary The EMA's rules for competition and teaching in Europe, first issued for the 2008 European Riichi Championship and revised in 2012, 2016 and 2025. Section 1.3: red fives are not used. Licensed by the EMA under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; the published file is byte-identical to the copy kept in _dev/reference/ema-riichi-2025/ (checked 2026-10-06). The site answers over HTTP only; its certificate does not match.
Cited for: Modern riichi / yonma
241. Commercial Tenhou 天鳳. 「天鳳 マニュアル」 (Manual).
AI summary The online game's rules for its ranked tables, with a dated log of rule changes since 2007: one red five per suit, the red five of circles cut from two to one on 17 July 2007.
Cited for: Modern riichi / yonma, Sanma
242. Law 風俗営業等の規制及び業務の適正化等に関する法律 (Act on the Control and Improvement of Amusement Business), Act No. 122 of 1948, as amended to 28 November 2025. e-Gov Laws.
https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/323AC0000000122
AI summary Lists the mahjong parlour (まあじやん屋) among licensed amusement businesses (art. 2(1)(iv)), holds its play fees to the National Public Safety Commission's standards (art. 19), and forbids it to give prizes by result (art. 23(2)). It regulates the parlour, not the game.
Cited for: Modern riichi / yonma
243. Scholarship Saitō Chikuzen 齊藤竹善. 「麻雀戦術の歴史人類学：「オカルト/デジタル」戦術のアクターネットワーク」 (A historical anthropology of mahjong tactics). 表現文化 12 (2023): 22-44. doi:10.24544/omu.20230403-002.
https://ocu-omu.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2006553
AI summary An academic study, from Osaka Metropolitan University, of how Japanese mahjong strategy has been argued over since the 1970s, from luck and flow to the probabilistic 'digital' school. It dates mahjong in Japan to Kansai about 1921, with a first boom in Kanto from 1924.
Cited for: Modern riichi / yonma
244. Guide Nemata ネマタ. 「赤牌の歴史から考える新世紀の麻雀」 (New-century mahjong, from the history of red tiles). note, 11 March 2023.
https://note.com/nemata3939/n/n059a80bcd642
AI summary An essay by a mahjong theory writer, author of 現代麻雀技術論 and of Tenhou's official strategy book. Treats 1964 as when sets with two red fives of circles spread rather than when red tiles began, and dates red fives becoming the norm to online play after 2002.
Cited for: Modern riichi / yonma
245. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Chinese). 〈日本麻雀〉 (Japanese mahjong).
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80
AI summary The Chinese article on riichi: the tiles, red bonus tiles, ordered discards and the kinds of bonus tile. It gives no history.
Cited for: Modern riichi / yonma
246. Commercial Yostar 雀魂-じゃんたま-. 「段位戦ルール説明」 (Ranked-match rules). 『雀魂 -じゃんたま-』公式サイト ニュース, 15 June 2021.
https://mahjongsoul.com/news/46
AI summary Mahjong Soul's (Japanese server, operated by Yostar) official ranked-match rules page, with a separate three-player (三人麻雀) section.
Cited for: Sanma
247. Commercial Yostar 雀魂-じゃんたま-. 「メンテナンスのお知らせ(7/16 16:00追記)」 (Maintenance notice). 『雀魂 -じゃんたま-』公式サイト ニュース, 12 July 2019.
https://mahjongsoul.com/news/111
AI summary Mahjong Soul maintenance notice announcing the 2019-07-16 update that added three-player ranked and tournament play.
Cited for: Sanma
248. Commercial SEGA セガ. 「MJ三麻ルール」 (MJ three-player rules). 『セガNET麻雀 MJ』プレイヤーズサイト, undated (read 2026-10-07).
https://sega-mj.com/players/gameguide/manual/rule/rule_b/
AI summary SEGA NET Mahjong MJ (online/mobile) official players' site: three-player rules page.
Cited for: Sanma
249. Commercial シグナルトーク (Signal Talk). 「麻雀ルール 三麻（三人麻雀）ルールの説明」 (Three-player rules). オンライン麻雀 Maru-Jan 公式サイト, undated (read 2026-10-07).
https://www.maru-jan.com/guide/table/game_3ma_rule.html
AI summary Maru-Jan (Signal Talk) official guide page for its three-player (三麻) table rules. The content is image-based; the text comes from the alt attributes.
Cited for: Sanma
250. Commercial KONAMI. 「対局ルール」 (Game rules), incl. 「三人打ち対局ルール」. 日本プロ麻雀連盟公認 麻雀格闘倶楽部 ゲーム説明, undated (page title 麻雀格闘倶楽部 UNION; read 2026-10-07).
https://p.eagate.573.jp/game/mfc/playguide/contents/rule01.html
AI summary Konami Mahjong Fight Club (arcade) official game guide: four-player and three-player rules.
Cited for: Sanma
251. Commercial 日本プロ麻雀連盟 龍龍 (Ron2). 「ルール」 (Rules), section 「三人麻雀ルール」. ron2.jp, undated (WRC-difference table dated 2022-10-05; read 2026-10-07).
AI summary Ron2 (JPML official online mahjong) rules page: four-player WRC-based rules and a three-player difference list.
Cited for: Sanma
252. Tournament rules World Riichi Limited. "Team League 3P Ron2 Rules" (Online Team League Sanma Rules). worldriichi.org, undated (read 2026-10-07).
https://www.worldriichi.org/teamrules3p
AI summary World Riichi's rules page for the three-player division of its Online Team League, played on Ron2.
Cited for: Sanma
253. Organisation 日本プロ麻雀連盟 (Japan Professional Mahjong League). 「ロン２で三人麻雀が打てるようになりました！」 (Three-player mahjong is now playable on Ron2!). プロ雀士コラム, 19 April 2012.
https://www.ma-jan.or.jp/column/49502.html
AI summary JPML pro column (author identified only by nickname) announcing three-player play on Ron2.
Cited for: Sanma
254. Organisation 日本三人打麻雀協会 (SDA). 「代表挨拶・設立理念」 (Chairman's greeting and founding aims). mahjong-sda.com, 2017.
https://mahjong-sda.com/sda-aisatsu/
AI summary Founding statement of the Japan Three-Player Mahjong Association (日本三人打麻雀協会, SDA), Osaka.
Cited for: Sanma
255. Official rules 日本三人打麻雀協会 (SDA). 「大会ルール」 (Tournament rules). mahjong-sda.com, undated (c. 2017-2021; read 2026-10-07).
https://mahjong-sda.com/rule-tournament/
AI summary SDA tournament rules (Kansai-style three-player).
Cited for: Sanma
256. Official rules ザンリーグ (ThANM). 『ザンリーグ競技規定』 (Zan League competition regulations). PDF, January 2026 (file regulation_20260218.pdf).
https://thanm-mahjongg.com/download/regulation_20260218.pdf
AI summary Zan League competition regulations (official three-player rulebook), 2026 edition.
Cited for: Sanma
257. Organisation ザンリーグ (ThANM). 「会社沿革」 (Company history). thanm-mahjongg.com, 2026.
https://thanm-mahjongg.com/history
AI summary Zan League / ThANM company history.
Cited for: Sanma
258. Official rules 麻雀共同体WW（ダブル）. 「【公式ルール】三人打ち」 (Official rules: three-player). mcww2015.com, 1 February 2015, updated 21 September 2022.
https://mcww2015.com/about/rule/rule-3
AI summary Official three-player rules of 麻雀共同体WW, an Osaka-based competitive mahjong body.
Cited for: Sanma
259. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Japanese). 「三人麻雀」 (Three-player mahjong). ja.wikipedia.org, revision 107845265 of 2 January 2026.
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BA%BA%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80
AI summary Japanese Wikipedia's article on three-player mahjong, split from 麻雀のルール in June 2009. It covers tiles, seating, the treatment of north, self-draw payment schemes with a table of online games, and regional forms (Tōtenkō, Kansai, Kyoto, 'new' sanma). It cites two online games' rule pages and Kotobank.
Cited for: Sanma
260. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "Three-player mahjong," revision of 8 April 2010 (oldid 354784943), by Shabidoo.
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-player_mahjong&oldid=354784943
AI summary An early revision of the English Wikipedia article on three-player mahjong, kept for the history of what the current article's rule set describes.
Cited for: Sanma
261. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Chinese). 〈日本三人麻雀〉 (Japanese three-player mahjong). zh.wikipedia.org, revision 94482239 of 21 September 2026.
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BA%BA%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80
AI summary Chinese Wikipedia's article on Japanese three-player mahjong: tiles, three treatments of north, starting points, and self-draw payment schemes. Tagged as relying on one source.
Cited for: Sanma
262. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Japanese). 「北抜き」 (Pē-nuki). ja.wikipedia.org, revision 89887548.
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%8A%9C%E3%81%8D
AI summary Japanese Wikipedia's short, unsourced article on the 北抜き three-player rule set.
Cited for: Sanma
263. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Japanese). 「東風荘」 (Tonpūsō). ja.wikipedia.org, revision 109489205.
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%A2%A8%E8%8D%98
AI summary Japanese Wikipedia's article on the online mahjong service Tonpūsō (1997-2018).
Cited for: Sanma
264. Guide Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 13C. 'I play Japanese Riichi/Dora Majan, and I need to know how to play with just 3 players.'" Sloperama, 2001-2016 (correspondence dated 2007, 2012, 2016).
https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq13c.html
AI summary Tom Sloper's FAQ answer on playing Japanese riichi mahjong with three players, with reader correspondence about Tenhou's three-player rules.
Cited for: Sanma
265. Guide Asami Ryō 浅見了. 「（１６）サンマ ヒストリーもどき」 (A would-be history of sanma). 麻雀祭都, History section, 17 June 2001.
https://mjradio.web.fc2.com/majansite-mirror/his16.html
AI summary Asami Ryō's column on the history of three-player mahjong in Japan: pre-war three-player rules from 1929-30 books, postwar Shikoku sanma, Kantō point-scored sanma, and the Tōtenkō parlour. Read through the fc2 mirror of his dead site.
Cited for: Sanma
266. Guide 関西三人麻雀をカモられながら研究する (blog). 「関西サンマに特異的なルールの概説」 (Outline of rules peculiar to Kansai sanma). Ameba Blog, 2015-11-30.
https://ameblo.jp/kansai3mj/entry-12100946684.html
AI summary Hobbyist blog on Kansai three-player parlour mahjong rules, based on the rule sheets of two Osaka parlours.
Cited for: Sanma
267. Journalism 麻雀ウォッチ編集部. 「サンマが流行っているそのワケは？ | 三人麻雀の面白さ、魅力に迫る」 (Why sanma is popular). 麻雀ウォッチ (mj-news.net), 2021-12-30.
https://mj-news.net/column/20211230173324
AI summary Feature article on Mahjong Watch, a Japanese mahjong news site, on three-player mahjong rules and its rise in popularity in 2021.
Cited for: Sanma
268. Journalism 麻雀新聞 (Majan Shinbun web). 「大阪の麻雀卓メーカー・株式会社鳳凰が主催する３人麻雀店舗対抗麻雀大会「鳳凰杯」の決勝…」 (5th Hōō Cup final). majan.co.jp, 2017-06-22.
AI summary Report in the trade paper Majan Shinbun on the fifth Hōō Cup three-player parlour tournament.
Cited for: Sanma
269. Journalism 麻雀新聞. 「関西限定? 三人打ち健康マージャン!」 (Kansai-only? Three-player healthy mahjong). majan.co.jp, 2018-02-24.
https://majan.co.jp/kenkomajan_3majan/
AI summary Trade-paper report on a three-player healthy-mahjong class in Osaka.
Cited for: Sanma
270. Law 国家公安委員会. 「風俗営業等の規制及び業務の適正化等に関する法律施行規則」 (昭和六十年国家公安委員会規則第一号), 第三十六条 (遊技料金等の基準). e-Gov法令検索, revision 360M50400000001_20260812.
https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/360M50400000001
AI summary Enforcement regulations of Japan's Amusement Business Act; Article 36 sets the maximum game fees for mahjong parlours.
Cited for: Sanma
271. Guide Chad (McGill Students' Mahjong Club). "Sanma: Japanese Riichi 3-Player Variant." McGill Mahjong (blog), 2015-11-10.
http://mcgillmahjong.blogspot.com/2015/11/sanma-japanese-riichi-3-player-variant.html
AI summary English-language rules summary of three-player riichi by a university mahjong club.
Cited for: Sanma
272. Historical Konoe Naomaro 近衛直麿. 『初めて麻雀を試る人の為に』 (For people trying mahjong for the first time). 東京: 先進堂書店, 昭和5 (1930). NDL call no. 特221-594, info:ndljp/pid/1032530, doi:10.11501/1032530.
https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1032530
AI summary A 1930 Japanese beginner's manual of mahjong by Konoe Naomaro (1900-1932), the musician and early promoter of mahjong in Japan; public domain, on NDL Digital Collections.
Cited for: Sanma
273. Historical 東京麻雀倶楽部 [編]. 『解説麻雀必勝法講義』 (Lectures on how to win at mahjong, explained). 東京麻雀倶楽部, 昭和5 (1930). NDL call no. 特261-488, info:ndljp/pid/1104996, doi:10.11501/1104996.
https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1104996
AI summary A 1930 Japanese mahjong strategy manual issued by the Tokyo Mahjong Club; public domain, on NDL Digital Collections.
Cited for: Sanma
274. Scholarship Zhao, Xiangyu, and Sean B. Holden. "Building a 3-Player Mahjong AI using Deep Reinforcement Learning." arXiv:2202.12847v3, 14 May 2022 (also IEEE CoG 2022 as "Towards a Competitive 3-Player Mahjong AI using Deep Reinforcement Learning", doi:10.1109/CoG51982.2022.9893576).
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2202.12847v3
AI summary A University of Cambridge paper presenting Meowjong, an AI for three-player Japanese mahjong.
Cited for: Sanma
275. Guide 清明雀莊（日本麻將資訊站）.「地方規則（ローカルルール）」: section 三人麻將（三人麻雀） (Local rules: three-player mahjong). abstreamace.com, undated.
https://www.abstreamace.com/mahjong/rule/localrule.htm
AI summary Traditional-Chinese hobbyist site on Japanese riichi mahjong (清明雀莊 - 日本麻將資訊站). Its local-rules page covers nukidora, three-player mahjong and other house rules.
Cited for: Sanma
276. Law 風俗営業等取締法の一部を改正する法律 (Act partially amending the Amusement Business Control Act), 昭和59年法律第76号, promulgated 14 August 1984. Text as published in the House of Representatives' 制定法律 database (第101回国会).
https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/10119840814076.htm
AI summary The 1984 amending act to the Amusement Business Act (Fūeihō), in force 13 February 1985, as printed by the House of Representatives.
Cited for: Sanma
277. Historical 国会会議録 (Diet record). 衆議院 地方行政委員会 第15号, 10 May 1984: 田川誠一 国家公安委員長, explanation of the bill 風俗営業等取締法の一部を改正する法律案.
https://kokkai.ndl.go.jp/txt/110104720X01519840510/83
AI summary Diet minutes: the government's explanation of the 1984 Fūeihō amendment bill in the House of Representatives' Local Administration Committee.
Cited for: Sanma
278. Commercial 東風荘 (Tonpuso, internet mahjong parlour, mj.giganet.net). 「麻雀ルール」 (yaku.htm), incl. 「第3東風荘の三人麻雀（サンマ）のルールの違い」. Captured 2 December 1998.
https://web.archive.org/web/19981202045805/http://mj.giganet.net:80/yaku.htm
AI summary The rules page of Tonpuso (東風荘), the Japanese online mahjong service run on GIGANET from about 1997 to 2018, as captured in December 1998.
Cited for: Sanma
279. Commercial つの (Tsuno, Tenhou's developer). 天鳳ブログ (Tenhou blog), blog.tenhou.net. Posts of 24, 27 and 29 September, 29 October, 7 and 8 November 2009.
http://blog.tenhou.net/archives/200911-1.html
AI summary The developer's blog of the online mahjong service Tenhou, 2009 onward, hosted on Sakura blog. It is still live over http.
Cited for: Sanma
280. Official rules Japan Mahjong Federation 日本麻雀連盟. 「アルシーアル麻雀」 (Arushiiaru mahjong rules).
http://www.nihon-majan.org/arusiarumajyanruru.html
AI summary The Federation's own rules for arushiiaru: 3,000 points each, a 20-fu base, a mangan limit of 3,000 for the dealer and 2,000 for others, and the yaku list; penalties revised 1 January 2016. The site answers over HTTP only.
Cited for: Japanese classical / arushiiaru
281. Organisation Japan Mahjong Federation 日本麻雀連盟. 「日本麻雀連盟について」 (About the Federation), home page.
AI summary Says the Federation was founded on 1 October 1929 by uniting Japan's mahjong groups, with Kikuchi Kan as first president; that it is an amateur body that plays for no stakes; and that in 2016 it adopted riichi as its second ruleset.
Cited for: Japanese classical / arushiiaru
282. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Japanese). 「アルシーアル麻雀」 (Arushiiaru mahjong).
AI summary The Japanese article on the Federation's ruleset: the name from the Chinese for 22, the rules, the yaku and the riichi yaku it lacks, and the 2004 and 2024 revisions.
Cited for: Japanese classical / arushiiaru
283. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Japanese). 「日本麻雀連盟」 (Japan Mahjong Federation).
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80%E9%80%A3%E7%9B%9F
AI summary Short article on the Federation: founded 1929 by Kuga Midori, merged in 1932 into the 大日本麻雀聯盟, re-founded 1947, with its presidents from Kikuchi Kan on.
Cited for: Japanese classical / arushiiaru
284. Guide Asami Ryō 浅見了. 「（３７）大正よもやま話」 (Taishō stories). 麻雀祭都.
https://mjradio.web.fc2.com/majansite-mirror/his37.html
AI summary Quotes a 1974 roundtable in the magazine 『太陽』 on how mahjong reached Tokyo after the 1923 earthquake and how Kikuchi Kan took it up. Read through the Mahjong Radio mirror of the dormant original.
Cited for: Japanese classical / arushiiaru
285. Scholarship Ebashi Takashi 江橋崇. 「四 日本に伝来した麻雀牌」 (Mahjong tiles brought to Japan), in 麻雀牌が語る麻雀の歴史. Japan Playing Card Museum.
https://japanplayingcardmuseum.com/mahjongtiles-introduced-japan/2
AI summary A historian's account of how mahjong reached Japan: home play from 1909, the first clubs in Tokyo from 1920, and the rival regional Chinese schools whose manuals of 1917-27 each claimed to be the authentic game.
Cited for: Japanese classical / arushiiaru
286. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Japanese). 「日本牌棋院」 (Nihon Haikiin).
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%8C%E6%A3%8B%E9%99%A2
AI summary The Japanese article on Amano Daizō's body, which also covers Amano (天野大三 redirects here): the 1952 Houchi rules, the police report and his break with the Japan Mahjong Federation, and his later rulesets of 1957, 1958, 1967, 1971 and 1978. Read at revision 105555739.
Cited for: Houchi rules, Tokyo rules, Modern rules
287. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Japanese). 「立直」 (Riichi).
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E7%9B%B4
AI summary The Japanese article on riichi. Its history section puts the origin in Manchuria, dates the written rule to Amano's 1952 Houchi rules, and says riichi was at first a first-discard declaration only. Read at revision 110123474.
Cited for: Houchi rules
288. Guide Asami Ryō 浅見了. 「用語07・立直の意味」 (Terms 7: the meaning of riichi). 麻雀祭都.
https://mjradio.web.fc2.com/majansite-mirror/yogo07.html
AI summary A question-and-answer page on where riichi and its name came from: a north Chinese first-discard declaration, taken mid-game by Japanese in Manchuria about 1940, spread through Japan after the war. Read through the Mahjong Radio mirror of the dormant original.
Cited for: Houchi rules
289. Guide Asami Ryō 浅見了. 「（４３）ハルピン麻雀」 (Harbin mahjong). 麻雀祭都.
https://mjradio.web.fc2.com/majansite-mirror/his43.html
AI summary On a 2003 Asahi column describing a Harbin game with compulsory riichi, set against the accepted account that riichi came to Japan from Manchuria with post-war repatriates. Read through the Mahjong Radio mirror of the dormant original.
Cited for: Houchi rules
290. Guide Asami Ryō 浅見了. 「（１６）ドラ」 (Rules 16: dora). 麻雀祭都.
https://mjradio.web.fc2.com/majansite-mirror/rule16.html
AI summary A history of dora from post-war Kansai bū mahjong: the first tile turned after the win for 100 fu, one han each by about 1947-48, then the present indicator and next-tile rule, kan dora and ura-dora. Read through the Mahjong Radio mirror of the dormant original.
Cited for: Houchi rules, Modern rules
291. Rulebook Amano Daizō 天野大三. 『リーチ麻雀を始める人のために : リーチ麻雀の遊び方とリーチのかけ方』 (For those starting riichi mahjong). Handbook-sha, 1954. 236 pp.
https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000000915049
AI summary Amano's primer for the new game. Its appendix, from p. 217, prints the 「昭和二十八年度制定 立直麻雀標準規定（一名報知ルール）」. The National Diet Library's digital copy is open to registered users of its individuals' service; its contents list is public.
Cited for: Houchi rules
292. Rulebook Amano Daizō 天野大三. 『麻雀の打ち方 : リーチの実戦譜』 (How to play mahjong: riichi game records). Tōto Shobō, 1956. 246 pp.
https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000000972182
AI summary Amano's manual in two parts, the general game and riichi, with appendices printing the 1953 standard riichi rules (the Houchi rules) and the Japan Mahjong Federation's 1955 rules. The National Diet Library's digital copy is open to registered users; its contents list is public.
Cited for: Houchi rules, Tokyo rules
293. Rulebook Amano Daizō 天野大三 and Amano Yōichi 天野洋一. 『麻雀新戦術 : リーチ・ドラ牌・ゾロ場の戦い方 特別付録リーチ麻雀『統一ルール』『報知ルール』和程図解表』. Bunkaidō, 1960. 170, 52 pp.
https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000001013857
AI summary A tactics book whose supplement charts the winning hands under the riichi 'unified rules' and the 'Houchi rules', and whose last section is the 1960 revision of the one-han minimum rules. The National Diet Library's digital copy is open to registered users; its contents list is public.
Cited for: Houchi rules, Tokyo rules
294. Rulebook Osakabe Shin'ichi 刑部進一. 『標準麻雀の第一歩』 (First steps in standard mahjong), with a preface by Amano Daizō 天野大三. Kin'ensha, 1958. 218 pp.
https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000000981825
AI summary A primer whose chapter on yaku compares 'the three great rules' and lists the Tokyo rules' new yaku (p. 110). Its appendix prints the three rulesets then current: the Federation rules (p. 181), the Houchi rules (p. 191) and the Tokyo rules (p. 208). The National Diet Library's digital copy is open to registered users; its contents list is public.
Cited for: Tokyo rules
295. Rulebook Amano Daizō 天野大三. 『麻雀の高等戦術』 (Advanced mahjong tactics). Ikeda Shoten, 1958. 270, 19, 36 pp.
https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000000977127
AI summary A tactics book with a chapter on the 'all one-han minimum' (オール一飜縛り) that opens with the rule's history. A furiten chapter ends with the Tokyo rules' provisions (p. 216), and appendices cover Chinese mahjong literature and Japan's competition rules. Reprinted until 1972. The National Diet Library's digital copy is open to registered users; its contents list is public.
Cited for: Tokyo rules
296. Rulebook Amano Daizō 天野大三. 『麻雀の始め方』 (How to begin mahjong). Seichōsha, 1959. 320 pp.
https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000000993436
AI summary A primer with a chapter on the han minimum (縛理, p. 226), a recorded game under the Tokyo rules (p. 267) and an appendix printing the 日本麻雀標準規定, 'also called the Houchi rules' (p. 285). Reissued in 1966 as 『麻雀の始め方戦い方』 with the modern rules in the appendix instead. The National Diet Library's digital copy is open to registered users; its contents list is public.
Cited for: Tokyo rules
297. Journalism Amano Daizō 天野大三. 「麻雀（東京ルール）」 (Mahjong: Tokyo rules). 『面白倶楽部』 (Omoshiro Kurabu), Kōbunsha, February, March, May and July 1958.
https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000000002888-d1834075
AI summary Amano's mahjong column in a popular monthly magazine. It is headed 「麻雀」 in issues of 1957 and January 1958, 「麻雀（東京ルール）」 in four issues of 1958 (February p. 299, March p. 207, May p. 287, July p. 379) and 「麻雀講座」 later that year. The National Diet Library's digital copies are for its premises only; the issues' contents lists are public.
Cited for: Tokyo rules
298. Rulebook Takahashi Hiroshi 高橋博. 『麻雀・役のガメリ方』 (Mahjong: how to build big hands), with a recommendation by Amano Daizō 天野大三. Kin'ensha, 1958. 183 pp.
https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000000982214
AI summary A book on building scoring hands by a writer who shares a chapter with Amano in Amano's 1957 book. It has chapters on small and large mangan and a section on the all one-han minimum (オール一飜縛り, p. 95). The National Diet Library's digital copy is open to registered users; its contents list is public.
Cited for: Tokyo rules
299. Guide Asami Ryō 浅見了. 「競技麻雀の歴史」 (A history of competitive mahjong). 麻雀祭都.
https://mjradio.web.fc2.com/majansite-mirror/rekisi23.html
AI summary How the Japan Mahjong Federation, founded in 1929, adapted Chinese rules for play without stakes. It lists how those early rules differed from today's: all three players paid, the limit was four han, and there was no riichi, dora, furiten or one-han minimum. Read through the Mahjong Radio mirror of the dormant original.
Cited for: Tokyo rules
300. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Japanese). 「麻雀の得点計算」 (Mahjong scoring).
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80%E3%81%AE%E5%BE%97%E7%82%B9%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97
AI summary The Japanese article on scoring: fu, han, bazoro, the basic-points formula, limit hands and local scoring rules. Its account of bazoro growing from a dice-driven zoroba into a constant two han has no source; for scoring details it cites Kurihara Yasuyuki (1971, 1986) and Amano and Aoyama's 新現代ルール book (1979).
Cited for: Modern rules
301. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Japanese). 「麻雀の点」 (Points in mahjong).
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80%E3%81%AE%E7%82%B9
AI summary The Japanese article on points: point sticks, starting and return points, oka, uma and yakitori. It says, without a source, that oka came in after the war and probably came from hanafuda.
Cited for: Modern rules
302. Organisation Ishimoto Yōichi 石本洋一. 『麻雀 今昔』 (Mahjong then and now). Japan Mahjong Federation 日本麻雀連盟, blog 麻雀のお話, posted 19 January 2018.
https://press.bindcloud.jp/posts?b=yS1_nI9gMK_9&a=IYJsWo4w2j1f
AI summary A history of Japanese mahjong written in autumn 2008 by the Federation's former chairman. It covers the 1929 founding and the arushiiaru rules, the spread of the Hōchi riichi rules from about 1958 with Kansai's two han on the field and ura-dora, the Shūkan Taishū Meijinsen and the international rules. The page builds its text with a script, and the site's blog API serves that text.
Cited for: Modern rules
303. Guide Asami Ryō 浅見了. 「裏ドラ」 (Dora 04: ura-dora). 麻雀祭都.
https://mjradio.web.fc2.com/majansite-mirror/dora04.html
AI summary Questions and answers on ura-dora: its origin is unclear, it began as a 1,000-point bonus, the tile shown counted before the next tile did, and kan ura-dora came later. Asami remembers his group taking it up from about 1965. Read through the Mahjong Radio mirror of the dormant original.
Cited for: Modern rules
304. Guide Asami Ryō 浅見了. 「場ゾロ」 (Scoring 05: bazoro). 麻雀祭都.
https://mjradio.web.fc2.com/majansite-mirror/tensu05.html
AI summary What bazoro is, the names it goes by (ban-ban, ryōzoro), how it enters the score and its absence from 22-fu mahjong, with readers' posts from 2008. Read through the Mahjong Radio mirror of the dormant original.
Cited for: Modern rules
305. Guide Asami Ryō 浅見了. 「配給原点」 (Scoring 25: starting points). 麻雀祭都.
https://mjradio.web.fc2.com/majansite-mirror/tensu25.html
AI summary Why players start with 25,000 points. Asami remembers 28,000 held and 30,000 returned about 1965, 27,000 appearing about 1967-68 and the later move to 25,000, with the difference going to the winner as a top prize (oka). Read through the Mahjong Radio mirror of the dormant original.
Cited for: Modern rules
306. Guide Asami Ryō 浅見了. 「端数切り上げ」 (Rules 38: rounding up). 麻雀祭都.
https://mjradio.web.fc2.com/majansite-mirror/rule38.html
AI summary How fu and payments are rounded. General Japanese mahjong rounds up twice or three times; early 22-fu mahjong counted exactly; the Japan Mahjong Federation used 四捨六入 from 1932-33 and switched to rounding up in 2004. Read through the Mahjong Radio mirror of the dormant original.
Cited for: Modern rules
307. Journalism Kuroki Shinsei 黒木真生. 「麻雀の歴史③ 場ゾロは誰のしわざか」 (History of mahjong 3: who is behind bazoro?). 近代麻雀黒木, note, 24 September 2021.
https://note.com/kinmakuroki/n/n3a1286f8741e
AI summary A column by the Kindai Mahjong writer, edited by the magazine's staff, on how Japanese scores inflated. On the word of Kajimoto Takuhodo, it traces bazoro to doubling the whole table on a roll of doubles. It also touches on dora, ura-dora, furiten and the discarder paying alone.
Cited for: Modern rules
308. Rulebook Amano Daizō 天野大三 and Aoyama Kei 青山敬. 『「現代ルール」による図解麻雀入門』 (An illustrated introduction to mahjong under the 'modern rules'). Gotō Shoin 梧桐書院, 1971. 224 pp.
https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000001297056
AI summary Amano's primer on his modern rules, written with the first Shūkan Taishū meijin. The National Diet Library's digital copy can be read only on its premises, and its contents list gives no detail.
Cited for: Modern rules
309. Organisation World Mahjong Players Association (WMPA). "About WMPA: Introduction." wmpa.net, 2001.
https://web.archive.org/web/20010222010125/http://wmpa.net:80/intro/mj_introduction.asp
AI summary The association's own account of itself: players from Japan, Korea and Hong Kong met from April 1999, agreed a unified rule and formed the non-profit WMPA, with its address in Seoul. The site is gone and the domain has since been reused; the link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 22 February 2001.
Cited for: WMPA / WMF
310. Organisation World Mahjong Players Association (WMPA). "The World Mahjong Players Association Statutes." wmpa.net, 2001.
https://web.archive.org/web/20010222203711/http://wmpa.net:80/intro/mj_statutes.asp
AI summary Statutes approved by the 1999 WMPA Congress and in force from 1 January 2001. They make the WMPA an association under the Swiss Civil Code, make the unified Rules of the Game part of the statutes, and admit full members by an online examination. The link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 22 February 2001.
Cited for: WMPA / WMF
311. Organisation World Mahjong Players Association (WMPA). "About WMPA: Executives." wmpa.net, 2001.
https://web.archive.org/web/20010222203748/http://wmpa.net:80/intro/mj_executives.asp
AI summary The executive board in 2001: co-presidents Ide Yosuke of Tokyo and Kim Tai-Up of Seoul, vice-president Song Suk-Woong, and directors Alan Kwan of Hong Kong and Martin Rep of the Netherlands, each with a short biography. The link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 22 February 2001.
Cited for: WMPA / WMF
312. Official rules World Mahjong Players Association (WMPA). "Hands of Mahjong." wmpa.net, 2001.
https://web.archive.org/web/20010222004601/http://wmpa.net:80/mahjang/mj_rule.asp
AI summary The WMPA rule's 44 hands and their faan values, from Clean, Selfdraw and Reach at 1 faan to Full Winds and Nine Treasure Lamps at 20. The link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 22 February 2001.
Cited for: WMPA / WMF
313. Official rules World Mahjong Players Association (WMPA). "Point Payment Method." wmpa.net, 2001.
https://web.archive.org/web/20010222005128/http://wmpa.net:80/mahjang/mj_pointpay.asp
AI summary Scoring and settlement under the WMPA rule. A portion is the hand's faan squared, up to 20 faan or 400 points. A self-drawn win takes a portion from each other player, and a win on a discard takes three portions from the discarder. The link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 22 February 2001.
Cited for: WMPA / WMF
314. Official rules World Mahjong Players Association (WMPA). "Composition of Tiles." wmpa.net, 2001.
https://web.archive.org/web/20010222005851/http://wmpa.net:80/mahjang/mj_composition.asp
AI summary A table of the 136 tiles the WMPA rule uses: three numbered suits (bars, wons, dots), four winds and three dragons, four of each, with no flowers. The link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 22 February 2001.
Cited for: WMPA / WMF
315. Organisation World Mahjong Players Association 세계마장협회. 「About WMPA - Introduction」 (Korean version). wmpa.net, 2001.
https://web.archive.org/web/20010501042311/http://www.wmpa.net:80/kor/intro/mj_introduction.asp
AI summary The Korean version of the introduction. It gives the body's Korean name, 세계마장협회, writes mahjong as 마장, and credits the game's invention to Confucius. The link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 1 May 2001.
Cited for: WMPA / WMF
316. Official rules World Mahjong Players Association 세계마장협회. 「점수계산방법」 (Point payment method, Korean version). wmpa.net, 2001.
https://web.archive.org/web/20010502122124/http://www.wmpa.net:80/kor/mahjang/mj_pointpay.asp
AI summary The Korean version of the payment page. It adds that the smallest win is 27 points (9 × 3) and the largest is 1,200 (400 × 3). The link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 2 May 2001.
Cited for: WMPA / WMF
317. Official rules World Mahjong Federation (WMF). "WMFR scoring." wmfed.com.
AI summary The federation's rules (WMFR) as captured in 2017. They keep the 2001 WMPA scoring (faan squared, up to 20 faan) and add settlement for two-player games and for games with computer players. wmfed.com is now a parked domain; the link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 24 August 2017.
Cited for: WMPA / WMF
318. Official rules Kim Tai-Up 金太業 (김태업). 『(정통 마작의 바이블) 世界麻將』 (World mahjong: the bible of orthodox mahjong). Seoul: 중앙M&B, 2002. 234 pp.
https://www.nl.go.kr/NL/search/nl_toc.ajax?viewKey=25998274&viewType=AH1&pageType=D
AI summary A Korean book by the WMPA's co-president that sets out the WMPA rule: play, scoring, penalties, the 44 hands with their Hanja names, and strategy. The National Library of Korea's digital copy can be read only at the library and its partner libraries; its contents list is public.
Cited for: WMPA / WMF
319. Commercial Aladin 알라딘. "World Mahjong (Paperback) - Essence," by Kingstone Kim. Product listing.
https://www.aladin.co.kr/shop/wproduct.aspx?ItemId=1684547
AI summary A Korean bookseller's listing of the federation's English-language book: World Mahjong Federation, 30 November 2007, 231 pages, ISBN 9788974424404, sold as an imported book. A catalogue entry only, with no contents.
Cited for: WMPA / WMF
320. Journalism 전자신문 (Electronic Times). 「성인용 온라인게임 개발 활기」 (Adult online games in active development). 4 June 2001.
https://m.etnews.com/200106010118
AI summary A Korean trade-press report on gambling-themed online games. It describes Kim Tai-Up's company TankSoft and its AI mahjong game MahKing, served from www.wmpa.net.
Cited for: WMPA / WMF
321. Historical Foster, R. F. Foster on Mah Jong. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1924.
https://archive.org/details/bwb_Y0-ACE-714
AI summary Foster's first book on the game, published and reprinted in February 1924: play, scoring, the Seasons, the Chinese and American games, the one-double and cleared-suit fashions he opposed, and his laws. Read in the Internet Archive's scan.
Cited for: Chinese classical, Babcock rules, Twenty Point Mah Jong, Regional US house rules
322. Journalism Foster, R. F. "Twenty-Point Mah Jong: An Absolutely New Game Played With 144 Tiles." Vanity Fair 22, no. 6 (August 1924): 41, 92.
https://archive.org/details/sim_vanity-fair_1924-08_22_6
AI summary Foster's magazine article introducing the twenty-point game, copyright 1924 in his name, with its scoring of sequences and pairs, flowers held in the hand and the 20-point condition. Credits the game's origin to W. F. Smith of Portland, Oregon, and the flower rule to James S. Cobb. Read in the Internet Archive's scan.
Cited for: Twenty Point Mah Jong
323. Rulebook Hoyle's Games, Autograph Edition. Revised and brought up to date by R. F. Foster. New York: A. L. Burt Company, 1926. "20-Point Mah Jong," pp. 408-421.
https://archive.org/details/hoylesgames0000unse_t9y0
AI summary A popular Hoyle whose only mah jong section is Foster's twenty-point game, with his score card; the copyright page runs from 1907 to 1926. The Internet Archive dates this scan 1907.
Cited for: Twenty Point Mah Jong
324. Rulebook Foster, R. F. Foster's Complete Hoyle: An Encyclopedia of Games. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1937. "Twenty Point (Mahjong)," pp. 667-677.
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151986
AI summary Foster's games encyclopedia in a post-1924 edition, whose mah jong section is the twenty-point game in full: set, deal, play, the 20-point condition, Foster's Twenty Point Score Card (copyright 1924), settlement and penalties. Read in the Digital Library of India scan at the Internet Archive.
Cited for: Twenty Point Mah Jong
325. Journalism "Twenty-Point Mah Jong. By R. F. Foster." Unsigned review. The Saturday Review of Literature 1, no. 24 (10 January 1925).
https://archive.org/details/sim_saturday-review_1925-01-10_1_24
AI summary A short review of Foster's book: its aim of reviving American interest, values for sequences, flowers and seasons as honours, and the twenty-point basic score. Read in the Internet Archive's scan.
Cited for: Twenty Point Mah Jong
326. Commercial Dodd, Mead and Company. Advertisement for Twenty-Point Mah Jong by R. F. Foster. The Publishers Weekly 106, no. 17 (25 October 1924).
https://archive.org/details/sim_publishers-weekly_1924-10-25_106_17
AI summary The publisher's announcement of the book at $1.50, as a new system of counting and play carrying the standardized laws for all forms of the game. Read in the Internet Archive's scan.
Cited for: Twenty Point Mah Jong
327. Collection Library of Congress, Copyright Office. Catalog of Copyright Entries, 1924, Part 1, Group 1: Books. New Series, vol. 21. Washington, 1924.
https://archive.org/details/catalogofcopyrig211libr
AI summary The register of books copyrighted in the United States in 1924. Entry 7307 records Foster's Twenty-point mah jong with its full title, publisher and copyright date. Read in the Internet Archive's scan.
Cited for: Twenty Point Mah Jong
328. Organisation Wright-Patterson Spouses' Club (WPSC, formerly the Wright-Patterson Officers' Spouses' Club). "Mah Jongg." wrightpattersonosc.org, read 8 October 2026.
https://wrightpattersonosc.org/mah-jongg.html
AI summary The publisher's own page for the Wright-Patterson Mah Jongg books: mail-order sales of the 2022 edition, a short history of the 1963 first book and the women who led it, and the club's corrections and clarifications to the 2022 hands, including that jokers are still not used.
Cited for: Wright-Patterson
329. Organisation Wright-Patterson Officers' Spouses' Club. "Wright-Patterson Mah Jongg" (Spotlight). The Wright Word, vol. 62 no. 2, September 2024, pp. 3-4.
https://wrightpattersonosc.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/September-2024-Newsletter-Public.pdf
AI summary The club newsletter's history of its mah jongg rules: Helene Morris bringing the game to the base in July 1941, the jokerless rules she and friends standardised, the 1963 copyrighted book, and its revision every 5 to 7 years. The club's account of itself, with no sources.
Cited for: Wright-Patterson
330. Journalism "Wright-Patterson Mah Jongg Rule books ..." Notice. Army Navy Air Force Journal 94 (4), 22 September 1956, p. 22 (vol. 94, p. 118). Internet Archive.
https://archive.org/details/sim_armed-forces-journal_1956-09-22_94_4
AI summary A short notice that the Wright-Patterson Woman's Club was selling Wright-Patterson mah jongg rule books by mail at 50 cents. The earliest printed edition of the rules found so far.
Cited for: Wright-Patterson
331. Journalism "Wright-Patterson Club Has 1000 Members." Army Navy Air Force Journal 96 (6), 11 October 1958, p. 22 (vol. 96, p. 174). Internet Archive.
https://archive.org/details/sim_armed-forces-journal_1958-10-11_96_6
AI summary Club news on the Wright-Patterson AFB Woman's Club's 24th season, saying the base is internationally known for the western development of mah jongg and publishes the rule book used by Air Force clubs throughout the world.
Cited for: Wright-Patterson
332. Collection Library of Congress, Copyright Office. Catalog of Copyright Entries, Third Series, vol. 17 no. 1, Part 1: Books and Pamphlets, January-June 1963. Entry for Wright-Patterson Mah Jongg Group, "Mah jongg; Wright-Patterson rules", A608135. Internet Archive.
https://archive.org/details/catalogofcopyrig31711lib
AI summary The Copyright Office's record of the Wright-Patterson Mah Jongg Group's registration of 29 January 1963: a revised edition of 17 pages. Independent confirmation of the date the club gives for its first copyrighted book.
Cited for: Wright-Patterson
333. Collection Library of Congress, Copyright Office. Catalog of Copyright Entries, Third Series, vol. 24 no. 2, Part 1: Books and Pamphlets, July-December 1970. Entry for Wright-Patterson Mah Jongg Group, "Mah jongg Wright-Patterson rules", A187653. Internet Archive.
https://archive.org/details/catalogofco1970324112libr
AI summary The Copyright Office's record of a further revision of the Wright-Patterson rules, registered 19 February 1970, 29 pages.
Cited for: Wright-Patterson
334. Organisation Clatsop County Historical Society. "Mah Jongg Anyone??" Clatsop County Historical Society Newsletter, Astoria, Oregon, March 1986. Internet Archive.
https://archive.org/details/1986.3-2
AI summary A local historical society's newsletter announcing ten lessons in Wright-Patterson Rules mah-jongg at the Flavel House from 7 March 1986, with instruction booklets.
Cited for: Wright-Patterson
335. Commercial Mahjong Time. "Wright Patterson Mah Jongg: About the Game." wpmahjongg.com, 2025.
AI summary Home page of a paid online platform for Wright-Patterson play: a short description of the game (144 tiles, no jokers, a three-pass Charleston, flowers for scoring only, 92 scoring patterns) and starter hands by their book numbers.
Cited for: Wright-Patterson
336. Commercial Mahj Life. "Wright-Patterson Mah Jongg (Article 163)." Mahj Life wiki, created 2 September 2022, updated 15 October 2025.
https://mahjlife.com/wiki/wright-patterson-mah-jongg-article-163/
AI summary A teaching business's overview of Wright-Patterson Mah Jongg: origin claim, style, the six-yearly booklet, the nine hand categories and links to lessons. Gives no sources; the site is an affiliate of Mahjong Time.
Cited for: Wright-Patterson
337. Guide Sloper, Tom. "Weekly Mah-Jong" column 396: "British/Western Mah-Jong." Sloperama, 8 March 2009.
https://www.sloperama.com/mahjongg/column396b.html
AI summary Written before his visit to Mumbai, from what his hosts had told him: their game is always four rounds, listed as four sets and a pair, special hands, clean pungs-only hands and dealer's choice, with pictures of the round-two special hands. He still calls it British/Western here.
Cited for: Western / British Empire style, India / Mumbai style
338. Guide Sloper, Tom. "Weekly Mah-Jong" column 399: "Mumbai-Style Mahjong." Sloperama, 29 March 2009.
https://www.sloperama.com/mahjongg/column399i.html
AI summary His report after visiting Mumbai and why he now counts its game as a separate variant: rules that change by round, buying a discard with a chip into the kitty, the Passport, and decks of cards that assign each player a special hand. A 2012 update links Sushila Singh's site.
Cited for: India / Mumbai style
339. Guide Sloper, Tom. "Mahjong in Mumbai, Part 1: My Mumbai Mahjong Adventure." Sloperama, 2009.
https://www.sloperama.com/Mumbai/mumbai1.html
AI summary Photo diary of the three-day mahjong event of 18 to 20 March 2009 in Mumbai, organised by Sushila Singh in private homes and at the Cricket Club of India, with tables playing Mumbai-Style, a winning hand, and a scan of the DNA report.
Cited for: India / Mumbai style
340. Journalism Tahseen, Ismat. "It's the game of a 1,000 intelligences." DNA (Daily News & Analysis), Mumbai, 21 March 2009.
AI summary Report of a mahjong session at Chandrakala Agrawala's home in Colaba during Tom Sloper's visit, quoting him on the Indian game's two styles and naming Sushila Pratap Singh as a long-standing Mumbai teacher. The page carries a 2013 update date. The link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 22 September 2024.
Cited for: India / Mumbai style
341. Guide Singh, Sushila. "The Mumbai Style Mahjongg." themumbaistylemahjongg.com, 2012-2013.
https://web.archive.org/web/20130814210533/http://themumbaistylemahjongg.com/
AI summary Website of the Mumbai teacher and organiser who was Tom Sloper's host in 2009, with rules pages set out by round and score sheets. Only the home page survives, in Wayback Machine captures of 2013 to 2016; the link is to the capture of 14 August 2013.
Cited for: India / Mumbai style
342. Rulebook Mahjong Calling (Akanksha Mittal). "Mahjong Calling - Rules Guidebook." mahjongcalling.com, c. 2025.
https://mahjongcalling.com/pages/rules-guide-to-mahjong
AI summary The illustrated guidebook sold with a card edition of mahjong by the company of a Mumbai teacher, published on the site as page images. It sets out a full game of four rounds of four games (East, South with small hand cards, West goulash, North dealer's choice or big cards), with passports, card exchanges and goulash scoring.
Cited for: India / Mumbai style
343. Commercial Mahjong.Live. Variants and rules pages for Indian Heritage Mahjong, 9-6-5 Passport and Goulash. mahjong.live, 2026.
https://mahjong.live/learn/variants
AI summary An online four-player mahjong platform whose rule sets include Indian games: Indian Heritage Mahjong, 5-, 6- and 9-card Passport hands, Goulash, Psycho Lover and Mahjong Gita. The full rules are drawn by script; each page as served carries a one-line summary.
Cited for: India / Mumbai style
344. Journalism Hinduja, Udit. "After Mumbai, Mahjong invades Delhi's social circles. Poker is out." ThePrint, 30 August 2025.
https://theprint.in/ground-reports/mahjong-delhi-elites-army-wives/2732212/
AI summary A ground report on mahjong among Army wives and the urban elite in Delhi and Mumbai: teachers, clubs, cheat sheets of 64 named hands, Indian versions with jokers and a 'Mahjong Gita', and the game's spread through Army postings.
Cited for: India / Mumbai style
345. Journalism Gupta, Nidhi. "Mahjong's most loyal audience? Ladies who lunch." The Nod, 16 December 2025.
https://thenodmag.com/content/mahjong-parties-karwa-chauth-women-2025
AI summary A feature on mahjong networks, teachers and parties in Mumbai, Delhi, Goa and other Indian cities in 2025, which names the regional styles players use: Willingdon in Mumbai and Pune, ATF in Delhi and Bangalore, and Taiwanese.
Cited for: India / Mumbai style
346. Journalism Kumar, Ishira. "How Mahjong Is Becoming India's Most Stylish New Social Scene." SheThePeople, 28 July 2025.
AI summary A guest column by a co-founder of The Mahjong Network on mahjong as a women's social scene in Indian cities.
Cited for: India / Mumbai style
347. Commercial 1MILLIONSTUDIOS Private Limited. "Mahjong Social: Taiwanese and Bombay Mahjong!" App Store listing.
https://apps.apple.com/us/app/mahjong-social/id6755966486
AI summary The listing of an online four-player mahjong game with a skill rating, offering Taiwanese and 'Bombay-style' Chinese mahjong. For Bombay style three of the four rounds are built.
Cited for: India / Mumbai style
348. Forum Singh, Sushila, and Tom Sloper. Posts of 1-3 February 2003 on "The Mah-Jongg Q & A Bulletin Board." Maj Exchange, Sloperama.
https://web.archive.org/web/20030212055238/http://www.sloperama.com/majexchange/bulletinbd.htm
AI summary Sloper's reply to a correspondent whose family in Nepal had played with ten tiles in hand, going out on the eleventh. It quotes her email and proposes the name "Nepalese mah-jongg", which she accepts the next day. This is the source of FAQ 2b's Nepalese entry. Read in the Wayback capture of 12 February 2003, because the live board's archives begin in 2007.
Cited for: Nepalese
349. Guide Sloper, Tom. "Mah-Jongg FAQ Update Log." Sloperama.
https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/log.html
AI summary Sloper's dated log of changes to his FAQs from July 2002 on. It dates each variant's addition to FAQ 2b, including Nepalese on 2 February 2003 as the 24th type.
Cited for: Bashi-Bashi, Nepalese, Siamese Mah Jongg
350. Journalism Shakya, Sujeev. "Sinophobia revisited." The Kathmandu Post, 12 April 2016.
https://kathmandupost.com/opinion/2016/04/12/sinophobia-revisited
AI summary An opinion column on Nepal's relations with China that recalls the Kathmandu Valley's old ties with Tibet through Newar traders. It says mahjong was more popular than cards there before the Tibet routes closed after 1962.
Cited for: Nepalese
351. Journalism Taylor, Marissa. "Finding familiarity in Ghiling." The Kathmandu Post, 23 September 2022.
https://kathmandupost.com/travel/2022/09/23/finding-familiarity-in-ghiling
AI summary A travel feature on the Yarthung festival in Ghiling, Upper Mustang. During the festival the village's young people spend their days playing cards or mahjong.
Cited for: Nepalese
352. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "Lhasa Newar."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhasa_Newar
AI summary The English article on the Newar traders and artisans who worked between the Kathmandu Valley and Lhasa. It says, without a citation, that the older generation in Sankhu regularly play mahjong brought from Tibet. Read on 2026-10-08; the article was last edited on 29 November 2025.
Cited for: Nepalese
353. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Korean). 「마작」 (Mahjong).
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%91
AI summary The Korean general article. Its sections on tiles and on Korean mahjong (한국마작 기초) describe a 104-tile game without bamboo, with Korean tile and wait names, a two-point minimum and bonus scoring. The scoring follows Park Young-woo's 『마작 길잡이』 (2010). Read on 2026-10-09.
Cited for: Korean traditional
354. Journalism 조선일보 (Chosun Ilbo). 「못된류행 (1) 『亡國遊戱』로禁止한麻雀 朝鮮와서大盛行」 (Bad fashions (1): mahjong, banned as a 'game that ruins nations', flourishes in Korea). 6 April 1929, p. 5.
https://newslibrary.naver.com/api/article/detail/json?articleId=1929040600239205001
AI summary A campaign article against the mahjong (마—짱) craze among Korea's moneyed classes. It dates the game's spread in Korea to about 1926 and puts its popularity down to American and Japanese fashion. Read in the Naver News Library's transcription.
Cited for: Korean traditional
355. Journalism 동아일보 (Dong-A Ilbo). 「新刊紹介」 (New books). 5 March 1931, p. 4.
https://newslibrary.naver.com/api/article/detail/json?articleId=1931030500209204017
AI summary A list of new books. It includes 『麻雀競技法』 with an appended 'standard rule of Joseon mahjong' (附朝鮮麻雀標準規定), edited by the Gyeongseong Aejakhoe (京城愛雀會) and published by Imundang in Seoul. Read in the Naver News Library's transcription.
Cited for: Korean traditional
356. Journalism 동아일보 (Dong-A Ilbo). 「改正된麻雀規則 "東東制"엔料金半額」 (Revised mahjong rules: half fees for the 'east-east system'). 14 March 1939, p. 2.
https://newslibrary.naver.com/api/article/detail/json?articleId=1939031400209202003
AI summary A short report that Seoul's Honmachi police called in the mahjong parlour operators of its district. From 13 March 1939 they had to halve fees under the 東東制, stop 'tip' prizes and close at midnight. Read in the Naver News Library's transcription.
Cited for: Korean traditional
357. Journalism 경향신문 (Kyunghyang Shinmun). 「詐欺마작 2億뜯어」 (Fraudulent mahjong nets 200 million won). 2 December 1978, p. 7.
https://newslibrary.naver.com/api/article/detail/json?articleId=1978120200329207004
AI summary A report on a Seoul prosecution. Three men gave codes to about 60 of the '104 mahjong tiles' and took 200 million won from a businessman in about 80 sessions. Read in the Naver News Library's transcription.
Cited for: Korean traditional
358. Journalism 동아일보 (Dong-A Ilbo). 이철희, 「카지노'마작'허용」 (Mahjong to be allowed in casinos). 14 December 1998, p. 21.
https://newslibrary.naver.com/api/article/detail/json?articleId=1998121400209121001
AI summary Reports the government's plan to amend the Enforcement Rules of the Tourism Promotion Act and add mahjong to the games permitted in Korea's casinos, to draw Chinese tourists and capital. Read in the Naver News Library's transcription.
Cited for: Korean traditional
359. Forum 바사기 (Basagi). 「마작에 관한 여러 가지 이야기」 (Various stories about mahjong). Clien, 팁과강좌 board, 9 January 2020.
https://www.clien.net/service/board/lecture/14478409
AI summary A post on a Korean community forum by a long-time importer of automatic mahjong tables and mahjong-café operator. It describes who plays Chinese, Japanese and Korean mahjong in Korea and where they play, and calls Korean mahjong Japanese-style play without the 36 bamboo tiles.
Cited for: Korean traditional
360. Commercial Ruypang. 「한국마작 온라인 무료 — 한국 마작 정식 규칙 웹 게임」 (Korean mahjong online). Mahjong: World Odyssey, kmahjong.ai. Undated.
https://kmahjong.ai/korean-mahjong
AI summary The rules page of a browser mahjong game. It sets out a four-player Korean game: 104 tiles without bamboo, the four 1-bamboo bird tiles used as flowers, no chows, the 엎어 and 불러 declarations, red-five bonus tiles, a 10/5/2 base score and its payouts.
Cited for: Korean traditional
361. Journalism 신재선 (Shin Jae-seon). 「[신재선의 마작 월드] 마작에서 사용하는 도구」 (Mahjong World: the equipment of mahjong). ER 이코노믹리뷰 (Economic Review), 5 December 2017.
https://www.econovill.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=327755
AI summary An early column in a 2017-2018 series in a Seoul business daily that teaches the Korean game's tiles, waits, hands, declarations, scoring and strategy. This column covers the equipment and says Korean mahjong is played with 104 tiles.
Cited for: Korean traditional
362. Journalism 신재선 (Shin Jae-seon). 「[신재선의 마작 월드] 판수 계산과 점수 계산」 (Mahjong World: counting fan and points). ER 이코노믹리뷰 (Economic Review), 26 May 2018.
https://www.econovill.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=337678
AI summary The series' column on payment, with worked examples. On a self-draw every other player pays the hand's value. On a discard win the discarder alone pays double, or triple after an open declaration (불러).
Cited for: Korean traditional
363. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Korean Scoring." mahjong.wikidot.com.
https://web.archive.org/web/20190405212426/http://mahjong.wikidot.com:80/rules:korean-scoring
AI summary The Korean scoring page: a two-point minimum, a hand table from 1 to 24 points, the 'winning bonus' variants (including 1-5-10) and the payout. Cites no sources. The page has been removed from the live wiki; the link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 5 April 2019 (revision 15, 2013).
Cited for: Korean traditional
364. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Three Player Korean Mahjong." mahjong.wikidot.com.
https://web.archive.org/web/20100429175004/http://mahjong.wikidot.com:80/rules:three-player-korean
AI summary Two ways to play the Korean game with three: an invisible fourth player, or a 'missing wind' form that drops the north wind and may add the 1 and 9 of bamboo as honours. Read in the Wayback Machine capture of 29 April 2010 (revision 3).
Cited for: Korean traditional
365. Official rules Babcock, J. P. Babcock's Rules for Mah-Jongg: The Red Book of Rules. Second edition, revised and enlarged. San Francisco: Mah-Jongg Sales Company of America; Shanghai: Mah-Jongg Company of China, 1923 (eleventh printing, November 1923). Internet Archive scan.
https://archive.org/details/babcock_202209
AI summary The designer's own rules in the enlarged second edition: the 136-tile set, play, irregularities, the standard score sheet, scoring examples, optional limit hands, the Chinese game, variations for two, three and five players, the Seasons, and a historical note. Its printing history runs from a first printing of September 1920. Read in the Internet Archive's OCR text.
Cited for: Chinese classical, Babcock rules, Regional US house rules
366. Collection Library of Congress, Copyright Office. Catalog of Copyright Entries, 1920, Part 1, Group 2: Pamphlets, Leaflets, Dramas, Maps, etc. New Series, vol. 17. Washington, 1920.
https://archive.org/details/catalogofco171libr
AI summary The register of pamphlets copyrighted in the United States in 1920. Entry 29830 records J. P. Babcock's 12-page Rules for Mah-Jongg, copyright 1 November 1920. Read in the Internet Archive's scan.
Cited for: Babcock rules
367. Collection Library of Congress, Copyright Office. Catalog of Copyright Entries, 1923, Part 1, Group 1: Books. New Series, vol. 20. Washington, 1923.
https://archive.org/details/catalogofcopy201libr
AI summary The register of books copyrighted in the United States in 1923. Entry 3507 records the second edition of Babcock's Rules for Mah-Jongg, the Red Book of Rules (117 p.), copyright 30 April 1923 by the Mah-Jongg Sales Company of America. Read in the Internet Archive's scan.
Cited for: Babcock rules
368. Collection Library of Congress, Copyright Office. Catalog of Copyright Entries, 1923, Part 1, Group 2: Pamphlets, Leaflets, Dramas, Maps, etc. New Series, vol. 20. Washington, 1923.
https://archive.org/details/catalogofcop201libr
AI summary The register of pamphlets copyrighted in the United States in 1923. Entry 42105 records Babcock's 12-page Game of Mah-Jongg (cover title: Rules for playing the genuine Chinese game, mah-jongg), copyright 15 August 1923 by Parker Brothers, Salem, Mass. Read in the Internet Archive's scan.
Cited for: Babcock rules
369. Scholarship Stanwick, Michael. 'J. P. Babcock, A. R. Hager, A. N. Lethin and the Mah-Jongg/Mah-Jong Company of China et al.' themahjongtileset.co.uk, c. 2014-2017.
AI summary A documented history of the Mah-Jongg Company of China, the Mah-Jongg Sales Company of America and their founders, from passenger lists, consular registrations, letters, trademarks and patents: Babcock's travels, the Catalina summer of 1920, the first booklet of September 1920 and the second edition of 1923.
Cited for: Babcock rules
370. Collection The Mahjong Tile Set. 'Literature Gallery 2.0.' themahjongtileset.co.uk.
https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/literature/literature-gallery-2-0/
AI summary A collector's captioned photographs of early 1920s books and articles on the game, beginning with a bibliography of Babcock's 'Little Red Book' and photographs of its first edition, a small hardcover version, his Saturday Evening Post statement of December 1923 and his 1925 patent.
Cited for: Babcock rules
371. Guide Sloper, Tom. 'The CC Theory': Babcock's 'Little Red Book'. Sloperama.
https://sloperama.com/cctheory/babcock.html
AI summary Photographs of a softcover first edition of 1920 and a hardcover twelfth printing of January 1924 of Babcock's rules, with transcriptions of the second edition's preface, part of its Chinese game chapter and its historical chapter.
Cited for: Babcock rules
372. Journalism Babcock, J. P. 'Mah Jongg. No. 1: Learning the Set.' NEA Service. The Washington Daily News (Washington, D.C.), 13 December 1923, p. 13. Chronicling America.
AI summary The first of a 12-article syndicated series by Babcock, billed as author of Babcock's Red Book of Rules, describing the tiles, the extra white tiles, the dice and the counters. Read in the Library of Congress OCR text.
Cited for: Babcock rules
373. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Jewel Dragons" (patterns:jewel-dragons). mahjong.wikidot.com.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/patterns:jewel-dragons
AI summary The wiki's page on the Pearl, Jade and Ruby Dragon hands, each a set of pungs in one suit with the matching dragon. It says they come from Western rulesets, especially those influenced by British Mahjong, and marks them as never used in Chinese Classical.
Cited for: Western / British Empire style
374. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "Gwyn Headley."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyn_Headley
AI summary A biography of the British writer and publisher. Its Mah-Jong section names him President of the British Mah-Jong Association and co-author, with Yvonne Seeley, of Know the Game: Mah-Jong (1977), which it calls the standard rule book in Britain and the Commonwealth.
Cited for: Western / British Empire style
375. Commercial KDE Documentation. "Game rules." The Kajongg Handbook. docs.kde.org (KDE Frameworks 6 edition).
https://docs.kde.org/stable_kf6/en/kajongg/kajongg/gamerules.html
AI summary The help page of Kajongg, a free four-player mahjong program. It says the program supports two Classical Chinese variants, as played in Germany and in Great Britain, and outlines the scoring: base points, then doubles, then settlement between all players.
Cited for: Western / British Empire style
376. Commercial KDE Documentation. "Bibliography." Appendix to The Kajongg Handbook. docs.kde.org (KDE Frameworks 6 edition).
https://docs.kde.org/stable_kf6/en/kajongg/kajongg/bibliography.html
AI summary The handbook's reading list. It recommends Millington (1977) for Classical Chinese as played in the West, and Headley and Seeley's Mah-Jong (3rd edition, 2008) for the rules used in Great Britain as the BMJA defines them.
Cited for: Western / British Empire style
377. Commercial Rohdewald, Wolfgang. predefined.py, Kajongg source code: the built-in rulesets Classical Chinese standard, Classical Chinese DMJL and Classical Chinese BMJA. KDE GitLab, games/kajongg, master branch.
https://invent.kde.org/games/kajongg/-/raw/master/src/predefined.py
AI summary The program's built-in rulesets, written as code. The BMJA class, described as Classical Chinese as defined by the British Mah-Jong Association, allows one chow and sets the limit at 1000. It also requires a calling declaration and adds hands such as Knitting, Triple Knitting, Wriggling Snake and Gates of Heaven.
Cited for: Western / British Empire style
378. Guide u3a (Third Age Trust). "Mah-jong." Subject advice page by the national subject adviser (Martin). u3a.org.uk, members area.
https://www.u3a.org.uk/members-area/subjects/mah-jong
AI summary The UK u3a adviser's page for mah-jong groups. The adviser plays and teaches BMJA rules, notes that the BMJA allows only one chow and has chosen 19 special hands, and says other groups vary, mostly in their special hands.
Cited for: Western / British Empire style
379. Journalism Grigonis, Ed. "Notes from the Software Editor." MICRO-80 (Adelaide) vol. 4 no. 6, January 1984.
https://archive.org/details/micro_80-vol_04-issue_06-1984_01
AI summary The software editor's column in an Australian home-computer magazine. Among the programs he wants, he asks for a Mah-Jong scorer or player that follows the British Mah-Jong Association's rules in Know the Game: Mah-Jong: "Sorry, no American rules." Another Internet Archive copy (MICRO-80_Vol._4_Issue_06_1984-01_MICRO-80_AU) has the same text, but its OCR contains stray angle brackets.
Cited for: Western / British Empire style
380. Guide Iversen, Morten. "Mah Jongg as we play it!" Duckie's Mah Jongg Page (hands), w1.1332.telia.com, captures 1999-2012.
https://web.archive.org/web/20080509064218/http://w1.1332.telia.com/~u133200063/
AI summary A dead personal page with pictures of one group's scoring hands, from Half Limit (500) to Double Limit (2000). It includes Knitting, Gertie's Garter, Greta's Garden and Wriggling Snake. Sloper's column 396 links it as "Max Robertson's Western scoring", but the pages read never name Robertson. Read through the Wayback Machine capture of 9 May 2008.
Cited for: Western / British Empire style
381. Guide Iversen, Morten. "The Scoring System." Duckie's Mah Jongg Page, w1.1332.telia.com, captured 6 February 2002.
https://web.archive.org/web/20020206153732/http://w1.1332.telia.com:80/~u133200063/scoring.htm
AI summary The same site's scoring table: points for each meld, 20 for going Mah Jongg, then doubles. It also sets out the pay-off, in which the winner is paid by all and the others settle their differences. Read through the Wayback Machine.
Cited for: Western / British Empire style
382. Organisation Israeli Mah-Jongg Association (אגודת המא-ג'ונג הישראלית). Homepage. mjil2.port5.com, reached through www.mjong.tk, 2004-2007.
https://web.archive.org/web/20050210192104/http://mjil2.port5.com:80/
AI summary The association's Hebrew homepage, which calls itself the first Israeli site for mah-jong and names its founder, Gennady Arkhangorodsky. It links the Hebrew rules and their English translation, a short history, a blog of events and a forum, and offers organised games and card sets by email. Captured unchanged from February 2005 to December 2007; the host was gone by February 2008.
Cited for: Israeli Mah-Jongg Association
383. Official rules Israeli Mah-Jongg Association. "Mah-Jongg, the WorldWide famous Chinese game for Kards." English translation of the association's rules, PDF, 13 pp., December 2004.
https://web.archive.org/web/20050524224757/http://mjil2.port5.com:80/MahjongEng.pdf
AI summary The association's full rules in English: 144 paper 'Kards', the wall and deal, claims, a scoring table of basic points plus fractional multipliers, and an appendix of about 35 special hands worth 100 to 6000. The Hebrew original (mahjong.pdf, 14 pp., author metadata 'Arhangorodsky', same date) sat beside it, and an August 2004 version of the English file was mirrored at ballz.ababa.net/mjil2.
Cited for: Israeli Mah-Jongg Association
384. Organisation Israeli Mah-Jongg Association. «היסטוריית המא-ג'ונג» (The history of mah-jong). mjil2.port5.com, 2004.
https://web.archive.org/web/20050211010743/http://mjil2.port5.com:80/history.html
AI summary A Hebrew essay on the history of mahjong, compiled from web sources including a mahjong museum's site: origin theories, Babcock, the 1920s American craze, the 1924 standardisation committee, the National Mah Jongg League and the Wright-Patterson officers' club.
Cited for: Israeli Mah-Jongg Association
385. Organisation Israeli Mah-Jongg Association. «ארועים במא-ג'ונג הישראלי» (Events in Israeli mah-jong). Blog, mjil.blogspot.com, May-December 2004.
https://web.archive.org/web/20231126063115/https://mjil.blogspot.com/
AI summary The association's events blog. It has four posts: an introduction, a first workshop in Be'er Sheva set for 2 June 2004 and then cancelled, an offer of printed card sets for 45 shekels (August 2004), and a note on web standards (December 2004). The blog has since been removed and is read through a 2023 Wayback capture.
Cited for: Israeli Mah-Jongg Association
386. Forum Israeli Mah-Jongg Association. Forum index (אגודת המא-ג'ונג הישראלית :: Index). myphpbb.co.uk, 2004.
https://web.archive.org/web/20041030060717/http://www.myphpbb.co.uk:80/phpbb/index.php?forum=mjil
AI summary The association's phpBB forum, with boards for arranging games and for rules questions. In the October 2004 capture it has no posts and two registered users; by July 2006 the host domain was parked.
Cited for: Israeli Mah-Jongg Association
387. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Hebrew). «מה-ג'ונג» (Mah-jong).
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%94-%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92
AI summary Hebrew Wikipedia's general article on mahjong, begun on 9 May 2004 by the user Gennady. It describes 'the Israeli version' at several points (play with cards, counter-clockwise round wind, one-tile waits, unscored draws) and links the Israeli Mah-Jongg Association's site. Read through the API on 2026-10-09.
Cited for: Israeli Mah-Jongg Association
388. Journalism Namal, Nechama. "Can Mah Jongg Promote Pluralism in Israel?" ReformJudaism.org, 13 May 2015.
https://reformjudaism.org/blog/can-mah-jongg-promote-pluralism-israel
AI summary A Modi'in player's column on the third annual mah jongg tournament run by the Modi'in Mahj Mavens with ESRA, which drew 23 English-speaking women from across Israel. It calls the game a Jewish-American pastime largely unknown to native Israelis.
Cited for: Israeli Mah-Jongg Association
389. Journalism Baker, Leslie. "Mahjong in Beer Sheva." ESRA Magazine, December 2021.
AI summary A Be'er Sheva ESRA group's account of its first tournament, a points-only Alzheimer's fundraiser in Rehovot on 20 June 2021 run by the Israeli Mahjong League under Laura Vinogradov, with American-style rules (racking, the Charleston). The live page answered 503 with injected spam links on 2026-10-09, so it is read through the Wayback capture of 10 October 2024.
Cited for: Israeli Mah-Jongg Association
390. Guide Gun Plot. "Mah-Jongg: The Chinese Game of Four Winds. History and Origins." Royal Australian Navy Gun Plot, c. 2003.
https://web.archive.org/web/20040214223510/http://www.gunplot.net:80/mahjongg/mahjong.html
AI summary The index page of Gun Plot's mahjong section. It gives a general history of the game (Ma Diao, Babcock, the American craze of the 1920s, the National Mah Jongg League and the Wright-Patterson rules) and then links the site's 'Pussers Bones - Royal Australian Navy Version' rules. The live page is gone; the link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 14 February 2004.
Cited for: Pusser's Bones
391. Journalism Naval Historical Society of Australia (Editorial Staff). "'Box-Brownies': HMAS Platypus 1940-44." Naval Historical Review, March 2025. navyhistory.au.
https://navyhistory.au/box-brownies-hmas-platypus-1940-44/
AI summary Wartime snapshots from the RAN depot ship HMAS Platypus, set beside her commanding officer's Reports of Proceedings and shown in date order. One keeps its original caption, 'Throwing a Bone' on boat deck. The article captioned it as Scrabble, and the September 2025 letters page corrected this to mah jong.
Cited for: Pusser's Bones
392. Journalism Roberts, Les, and the Editor. "Letters: Late mail Sep 2025." Naval Historical Review, September 2025. Naval Historical Society of Australia, navyhistory.au.
https://navyhistory.au/letters-late-mail-sep-2025/
AI summary The Review's letters page. A reader corrects the March 2025 HMAS Platypus caption: the game shown is mah jong, whose tiles were usually called 'bones' because early sets were made of bone. The editor enlarged the photograph and confirms it.
Cited for: Pusser's Bones
393. Journalism Beckhusen, Robert. "Run Silent, Run Cheat: The Sneaky Hobby Games Navy Submariners Play." War Is Boring (Medium), 16 February 2014.
AI summary A popular article on the games played aboard British and US submarines (uckers, scat, cribbage, bridge, mahjong), drawing on the naval writer Iain Ballantyne. It says British submarine crews based at Singapore picked up mahjong before the 1971 withdrawal. Medium refuses automated readers with 403; the link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 16 October 2014.
Cited for: Pusser's Bones
394. Historical Harr, L. L. [Lew Lysle]. Pung Chow: The Game of a Hundred Intelligences, also known as Mah-Diao, Mah-Jong, Mah-Cheuk, Mah-Juck and Pe-Ling. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1922 (introductory note dated January 1923).
https://archive.org/details/pungchowgameofhu00harriala
AI summary The rule book for the Pung Chow sets: a score card for unlimited play, a chapter on playing with a limit, and an introduction on the game's many names. Read in the Internet Archive's scan of the UC San Diego copy.
Cited for: Chinese classical, Regional US house rules
395. Historical Work, Milton C. Introduction to Mah-Jongg Up-to-Date, including the American Official Laws of Mah-Jongg. Philadelphia: John C. Winston Company, 1924, pp. 5-11. Excerpt reproduced at Sloperama.
https://sloperama.com/cctheory/work.html
AI summary A committee member's account of the rival names and methods of play, the confusion of the winter of 1923-24, the Herald Tribune and magazine referendums, and the committee of five that drew up one American Code for the Mixed-Hand, One-Double and Cleared-Hand games, which Parker Brothers then approved.
Cited for: Regional US house rules
396. Historical The Book Review Digest, vol. 20: 1924. New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1925.
https://archive.org/stream/bookreviewdigest0000unse_i1v1/bookreviewdigest0000unse_i1v1_djvu.txt
AI summary The 1924 annual of digested book reviews. Its entries for Foster on Mah Jong and Hartman's Standardized Mah Jong quote press notices and Hartman's foreword on the three forms of game recognised in the American Code. Read in the Internet Archive's scan.
Cited for: Regional US house rules
397. Journalism "Mah Jong Being Rescued from Money Makers: At Last a Standardized Code of Playing Has Been Made." The Indianapolis Times (Home Edition), 20 August 1924, p. 2. Chronicling America, Library of Congress.
AI summary An unsigned report on the new American code, quoting Lee Foster Hartman's forthcoming Standardized Mah Jong on how jobbers' rule pamphlets, instant teachers and self-appointed improvers had confused the game. Read in the Library of Congress OCR text.
Cited for: Regional US house rules
398. Journalism "[Mah] Jong is Dead, Crosswords Dying; Chance for You to Win $500,000." Springfield Weekly Republican (Springfield, Mass.), 7 May 1925, p. 5. Chronicling America, Library of Congress.
AI summary A report quoting a Milton Bradley Company official: the firm had long since stopped making the game, which had died during the summer of 1924. Read in the Library of Congress OCR text.
Cited for: Regional US house rules
399. Journalism Gershon, Livia. "White Women and the Mahjong Craze." JSTOR Daily, 2 February 2021.
https://daily.jstor.org/white-women-and-the-mahjong-craze/
AI summary A short summary of Annelise Heinz's 2016 Frontiers article on the 1920s craze: who played, how the game was marketed, the Chinese-American teachers, and its fading in white America by the 1930s.
Cited for: Regional US house rules
400. Guide Gross, Linda. "Mah Jongg, Anyone?" Hagley Museum and Library, Library News, 29 May 2024.
https://www.hagley.org/librarynews/mah-jongg-anyone
AI summary A reference librarian's post on DuPont's Pyralin tiles for the Pung Chow Company (incorporated March 1923), drawing on DuPont Magazine and company records, with a short reading list that includes Heinz and Greenfield.
Cited for: Regional US house rules
401. Organisation National Mah Jongg League. "The League." nationalmahjonggleague.org.
https://www.nationalmahjonggleague.org/league.aspx
AI summary The League's own page on its history and services. It dates the founding to a 1937 meeting in New York City called to standardize hands and rules, says the League changes the hands and rules every year and supplies the Official Standard Hands and Rules card, and gives 32 founding members against over 350,000 today. Undated; its "more than 86 years" places the text around 2023-24.
Cited for: NMJL card, American mah jongg
402. Organisation National Mah Jongg League. "The Game." nationalmahjonggleague.org.
https://www.nationalmahjonggleague.org/game.aspx
AI summary The League's short introduction to the game. It tells the origin legends, credits Joseph Babcock with popularising it in the United States, and sets out what makes American play different: a card of Standard Hands changed every year, more tiles including the Joker, and the Charleston.
Cited for: NMJL card, American mah jongg
403. Commercial Mahjonged.com. "The History of Mahjong." mahjonged.com, © 2006.
https://web.archive.org/web/20100815091830/http://www.mahjonged.com/mahjong_history.html
AI summary An unsigned history page on a free online mahjong game site that also links to shops selling sets and books, read through the Wayback Machine capture of 15 August 2010. English Wikipedia cites it for a 1935 "Official American Rules" published by the "National Mahjong League, Inc." The page gives no source for that.
Cited for: NMJL card
404. Journalism "Old Game." The Talk of the Town. The New Yorker, 2 October 1937.
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1937/10/02/old-game
AI summary An unsigned Talk of the Town paragraph on the first annual convention of the National Mah-Jongg League at the Essex House, New York. It reports upward of four hundred women delegates meeting to agree on standardized rules and interviews Mrs. William Cecil, the League's founder and first president. It is the earliest account of the League read so far.
Cited for: NMJL card
405. Journalism "Mah-Jongg Is Staging Comeback with Rules to Speed Up the Game." Chicago Daily Tribune, 2 August 1938.
https://archive.org/details/per_chicago-daily-tribune_1938-08-02_97_183
AI summary A short item on the women's page. It reports that an Illinois branch of the National Mah-jongg League was organised three weeks earlier, that over 200 have enrolled, and that Mrs. Viola Cecil of New York, founder of the League, will speak at a luncheon the next day. Read in the Internet Archive's OCR text of the issue.
Cited for: NMJL card
406. Journalism LaChance, David. "Author shares history of mah-jongg in US." The Associated Press (from the Bennington Banner), in The Seattle Times, 23 April 2018.
https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/author-shares-history-of-mah-jongg-in-us/
AI summary An AP report of a talk by Gregg Swain, co-author of Mah Jongg: The Art of the Game (2014). It covers the game's American history, the National Mah Jongg League's founding and its annual card, and Wright-Patterson rules.
Cited for: NMJL card
407. Organisation The Contemporary Jewish Museum, San Francisco. "Project Mah Jongg." Exhibition page, 13 July - 28 October 2014.
https://thecjm.org/exhibitions/44
AI summary The museum's page for its showing of Project Mah Jongg. That touring exhibition was curated by the Museum of Jewish Heritage in New York and funded by the National Mah Jongg League, and covers the game's history and its link with Jewish women from the 1930s. It lists scorecards among the artifacts shown.
Cited for: NMJL card
408. Guide Sloper, Tom. "Sloper on Mah-Jongg" column 509: "Mah-Jongg Flowers & Jokers." Sloperama, 26 February 2012. A reprise of column 311, 25 March 2007.
https://sloperama.com/mahjongg/column509a.html
AI summary How the National Mah Jongg League's required flowers and jokers changed from 1937 to the present, set out as a table for dating American sets. Flowers served as wild tiles from 1937, the League first required jokers in 1960-61, and the 8-flower, 8-joker set dates from 1971. Sloper warns that the table is only a rough guide.
Cited for: American mah jongg
409. Commercial Yellow Mountain Imports. "How to Play American Mahjong." ymimports.com, read 9 October 2026.
https://www.ymimports.com/pages/how-to-play-american-mahjong
AI summary A set retailer's complete rules guide to the American game: the 152 tiles in play and the spares sold with them, the eight jokers and their limits, the Charleston and courtesy pass, play, and the role of the NMJL card. Wikipedia's article cites an earlier URL of the same guide.
Cited for: American mah jongg
410. Journalism "How About A Game Of Mah Jongg?" Unsigned. North Hastings Review (Ontario), issue 47, November 1961. Internet Archive scan (Community Archives of Belleville and Hastings County).
https://archive.org/details/north-hastings-review-november-1961
AI summary A short report, apparently wire copy, on the American revival. It covers the NMJL board's test games on changing the number of flower tiles, the League president's view that 'big jokers' introduced two years earlier drove the boom, 152-tile sets that include jokers, and the joker decals the League sold for old sets. Read in the Internet Archive's OCR of the month's issues.
Cited for: American mah jongg
411. Guide Sloper, Tom. "Sloper on Mah-Jongg, No. 556: American (2013 AMJA card)." Sloperama, 17 February 2013.
https://www.sloperama.com/mahjongg/column2/column556a.html
AI summary Tom Sloper's review of the American Mah-Jongg Association's 2013 card, the first he did not edit. Covers its punning family names and word-spelling hands, jokers mandated as singles or pairs, the rule that a discarded joker may be called only as the first discard, and hand values set higher than the NMJL card's.
Cited for: AMJA card
412. Guide Sloper, Tom. "Not Always Weekly Mah Jongg, Column #440: American." Sloperama, 14 February 2010.
https://www.sloperama.com/mahjongg/column440a.html
AI summary On the 2010 Marvelous Mah Jongg card and what it borrows from the AMJA card: named families of hands, words spelled in tiles, and people's names, as on the 2009 AMJA card.
Cited for: AMJA card
413. Guide Sloper, Tom. "Weekly Mah-Jongg, Column #146: American mah-jongg (2004 AMJA card)." Sloperama, 25 January 2004.
https://www.sloperama.com/mahjongg/column146.html
AI summary A strategy column on a hand played with the 2004 AMJA card, received in January ahead of the NMJL's April card. Notes the card's humorous hands and family names.
Cited for: AMJA card
414. Guide Sloper, Tom. "Weekly Mahjong, Column #378: Several upcoming tournaments." Sloperama, 24 August 2008.
https://www.sloperama.com/mahjongg/column378.html
AI summary A listing of tournaments for late 2008 and 2009. Covers the NMJL's Tournament at Sea, the American Mah-Jongg Association's Mahj At The Taj events in Atlantic City and its Hawaii cruise, the World Series of Mahjong and the Open Italian Championship.
Cited for: AMJA card
415. Forum Sloper, Tom, and correspondents. "The Mah-Jongg Q&A Bulletin Board," archive page 13, including posts of February 2010. Sloperama.
https://www.sloperama.com/majexchange/bulletinbd-archive13.htm
AI summary An archived page of Sloper's question-and-answer board. In one exchange of 24 February 2010 he identifies wording about matching dragons, and the white dragon used as zero, as coming from the 2010 AMJA card.
Cited for: AMJA card
416. Journalism Neubauer, Bonnie. "Mah-jongg keeps on clicking." The Philadelphia Inquirer, 26 August 2008.
https://www.inquirer.com/philly/entertainment/20080826_Mah-jongg_keeps_on_clicking.html
AI summary A report from the Four Seasons Mah Jongg Tournament in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, on the game's revival. Quotes Lois Madow as president of the American Mah-Jongg Association, which sells tiles and accessories, and Ruth Unger as NMJL president.
Cited for: AMJA card
417. Journalism House & Garden. "Domestic bliss" feature on card and mah-jongg tables. House & Garden, July 2002.
https://archive.org/details/usmodernist-HG-2002-07
AI summary A shopping feature on card and mah-jongg tables with a short history sidebar. It says the NMJL (1937) publishes a card each April and that a rival American Mah Jongg Association, formed in 1999, plays its own updated rules. Read in the Internet Archive's OCR of the issue.
Cited for: AMJA card
418. Collection Way Public Library. "American Mahjong." Beyond Books lending collection.
AI summary A public library's catalogue page for a lendable American mahjong set, with a short history drawn from Elaine Sandberg's beginner's guide. Covers the NMJL's standardisation in 1937 and the American Mah Jongg Association's own scoring card from 1999.
Cited for: AMJA card
419. Commercial Activision. Shanghai: Second Dynasty, game manual. Activision, 1999. In the Internet Archive's Macintosh Garden Manuals 2021 S-T collection.
https://archive.org/download/Macintosh_Garden_Manuals_2021_S-T/shanghai2nddynastymanual_djvu.txt
AI summary Manual of Activision's tile-game collection, produced by Tom Sloper. Its American Mah-Jongg mode shipped with the American Mah-Jongg Association's year 2000 card. Covers the game's American rules, card editor and scoring, alongside the Chinese, Japanese and other styles it offers.
Cited for: AMJA card
420. Organisation American Mah Jongg Association (americanmahjonggassociation.com). "About the American Mah Jongg Association." 2026.
https://www.americanmahjonggassociation.com/about
AI summary About page of a membership body founded by Alix Bryant of Salt Lake City, which grew out of her newsletter The Mah Jongg Insider. It states that it issues no card and governs no rules. It is unrelated to the American Mah-Jongg Association of amja.net, which issued the AMJA card.
Cited for: AMJA card
421. Guide Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 13A. How to play American mah-jongg with fewer than 4 (or more than 4) players." Sloperama, 2001-2023.
https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq13a.html
AI summary Sloper's answer on American mah-jongg with two, three and five players, with the NMJL's official deals for each and reader letters. It includes a letter of 8 October 2016 describing Gladys Grad's Siamese rules and Sloper's reply of 9 October 2016.
Cited for: Siamese Mah Jongg
422. Guide Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 4B: Lots o' Mah-Jongg Links." Sloperama.
https://sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq04.html
AI summary Sloper's annotated directory of mah-jongg websites. It describes Grad's mahjongg.org as the home of the 2005 Standardized National Mah Jongg Rules for Tournaments and of Siamese mah-jongg, which it dates to 2015 in Florida.
Cited for: Siamese Mah Jongg
423. Forum Sloper, Tom. Answer of 12 March 2016 on "The Mah-Jongg Q & A Bulletin Board," archive page 37. Maj Exchange, Sloperama.
https://www.sloperama.com/majexchange/bulletinbd-archive37.htm
AI summary An archive page of Sloper's question-and-answer board for early 2016. In a reply about a reader's unfamiliar variant, he mentions Siamese Mah Jongg as a new variant going around in American circles and explains what problem Gladys Grad made it to solve.
Cited for: Siamese Mah Jongg
424. Law United States Patent and Trademark Office. SIAMESE MAH JONGG. US Serial No. 86709446, Registration No. 5030029. TSDR status record.
https://tsdr.uspto.gov/statusview/sn86709446
AI summary The federal trademark register's record of the service mark for organizing and conducting games of Mah Jongg. Filed 30 July 2015 with a claimed first use of 27 April 2015, registered 30 August 2016 and renewed in 2026, owned by G & G Tournaments and Events, Inc., a Florida corporation.
Cited for: Siamese Mah Jongg
425. Law United States Patent and Trademark Office. SIAMESE MAH JONGG LEAGUE. US Serial No. 87539579, Registration No. 5412223. TSDR status record.
https://tsdr.uspto.gov/statusview/sn87539579
AI summary The register's record of a second Siamese mark: filed 2017, registered 2018 and cancelled in 2024, with a claimed first use of 1 August 2015. The owner is G & G Tournaments and Events, Inc. of Sarasota, Florida, and Gladys Grad is named as correspondent.
Cited for: Siamese Mah Jongg
426. Commercial Grad, Gladys. "Mah Jongg Madness Tournaments and Colorful Stories." Mahjong Tales blog, The Mahjong Line, 23 June 2021.
https://themahjongline.com/blogs/mahjong-tales/mah-jongg-madness-tournaments-and-colorful-storie
AI summary Grad's own signed account, on a tile retailer's blog, of the Mah Jongg Madness tournaments and NMJL cruises, of her 2005 standardized tournament rules and of Mah Jongg Master Points. It dates her invention of Siamese Mah Jongg to 2015 and names its 3- and 4-handed versions.
Cited for: Siamese Mah Jongg
427. Commercial The Mahjong Line. "Can you play Mahjong with two players?" Mahjong Tales blog, 10 June 2021.
https://themahjongline.com/blogs/mahjong-tales/can-you-play-mahjong-with-two-players
AI summary A tile retailer's short how-to on two-player American mahjong. It describes the two-rack, two-Mahjong game without naming Siamese or Grad: the deal, the absence of the Charleston, declaring one rack early, and payment.
Cited for: Siamese Mah Jongg
428. Commercial I Love Mahj. "How do I play Siamese Mah Jongg® on I LOVE MAHJ?" Knowledge Base.
https://ilovemahj.com/kb/67000733531
AI summary The help page of an online American mah jongg platform for its Siamese game: who created it, a link to the rules on mahjongg.org, the two-rack interface, calling and declaring per rack, and the cards supported (NMJL 2019-2026 and Siamese 2024-2026).
Cited for: Siamese Mah Jongg
429. Commercial I Love Mahj. "2025 Siamese Mah Jongg® Card Clarifications." Knowledge Base.
https://ilovemahj.com/kb/67000740845
AI summary The platform's notes on Gladys Grad's 2025 Siamese card, which say they were checked with Grad. They cover the card's open and concealed notation, the 10-point concealed bonus, hand-by-hand readings, and the (*) bonus that applies only to Royale, the 3- and 4-player game.
Cited for: Siamese Mah Jongg
430. Official rules National Mah Jongg League. Mah Jongg Made Easy. New York: National Mah Jongg League, 2022 edition per its contents page (Internet Archive item dated 2020).
https://archive.org/download/mah-jongg-made-easy/Mah%20Jongg%20Made%20Easy_djvu.txt
AI summary The League's official rule book: setting up, the Charleston, play, jokers, penalties and bettors. Its section on two- to six-handed play gives the League's own two-handed game, which has one hand per player and no Charleston.
Cited for: Siamese Mah Jongg
431. Journalism Santa Barbara Independent. "Learn the Siamese and Royale Style of Mah Jongg." Events listing for a class at the University Club of Santa Barbara, 20-21 June 2023.
https://www.independent.com/events/learn-the-siamese-and-royale-style-of-mah-jongg/
AI summary A newspaper's events-calendar listing, written by the organisers and not reported, for a two-day class. It sums up Siamese (two players, one set, double racks, two Mah Jonggs) and Royale (four players, two sets, double racks).
Cited for: Siamese Mah Jongg
432. Encyclopedia Chinese Wikipedia: 台灣麻將 (Taiwanese mahjong).
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E9%BA%BB%E5%B0%87
AI summary A short article on the sixteen-tile game commonly played in Taiwan: eight scored flowers, a 16-tai (or 24-tai) limit, base plus tai settled three times over on a self-draw, and repeat dealerships as the heart of the game. It gives the Taiwanese Hokkien name 麻雀 (muâ-tshiok). It has been tagged unreferenced and original research since March 2015. Read through the API on 2026-10-09.
Cited for: Taiwanese style
433. Guide Wikibooks (Chinese). 〈臺灣麻將〉 (Taiwanese mahjong). zh.wikibooks.org.
https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E9%BA%BB%E5%B0%87
AI summary A collaborative rules text for the sixteen-tile game: equipment, seating, building and dealing, flower replacement, exhaustive draws, winning, 過水, settlement as base plus tai, and a tai table. It often notes where practice differs around Taiwan, for example that play without flowers is commoner in the south. Mostly uncited.
Cited for: Taiwanese style
434. Encyclopedia Japanese Wikipedia: 台湾麻雀 (Taiwanese mahjong).
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80
AI summary The Japanese article, set out as the differences from Japanese riichi: eight flowers and three dice, 16 tiles out on 17, sixteen tiles left unplayed, a full four-wind game, additive tai and 過水. It says there is no standard ruleset and that a 'Taiwan New Chapter' ruleset is one person's invention. Unreferenced.
Cited for: Taiwanese style
435. Guide 張子房 (Chang Shiang-yu 張襄玉, 'Dragon' Chang). 「麻將的故事」(上、中、下) (The story of mahjong, parts 1-3). Medium, 11-12 May 2022 (signed February 2022).
https://medium.com/feed/@ashiangdragonchang
AI summary A memoir-essay by the author of Wonderful Taiwan Mah Jong (2003), a former honorary president of 社團法人中華麻將協會 who played for Taiwan at the 2002 World Mahjong Championship and the European championships. It covers the 1920s craze in the West, Japan and the 1998 Chinese Official rules. Part 2 traces Taiwan's sixteen-tile game to Xiamen and Zhangzhou and says the 1949 migrants took it up in place of their home 13-tile games. Unsourced. Medium refuses plain requests for the article pages (403), so it was read through the author's RSS feed.
Cited for: Taiwanese style
436. Law 中華民國刑法 (Criminal Code of the Republic of China), art. 266. 全國法規資料庫 (Laws and Regulations Database), Ministry of Justice.
https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?pcode=C0000001&flno=266
AI summary The general gambling offence: gambling for property in a public place or a place open to the public, or by telecommunications or the internet, is punished with a fine of up to NT$50,000, and stakes 'for temporary amusement' are exempt. It does not name mahjong. Current text, read on 2026-10-09.
Cited for: Taiwanese style
437. Law 社會秩序維護法 (Social Order Maintenance Act), art. 84. 全國法規資料庫 (Laws and Regulations Database), Ministry of Justice.
https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?pcode=D0080067&flno=84
AI summary The administrative counterpart to the Criminal Code's gambling offence: gambling for property at a professional gambling place (職業賭博場所) that is not public or open to the public is punished with a fine of up to NT$9,000. It does not name mahjong.
Cited for: Taiwanese style
438. Commercial 戲谷 FunTown. 《新戲谷麻將》: 16張麻將玩法 (16-tile mahjong rules). mjonline.com.tw.
https://www.mjonline.com.tw/intro/intro5.html
AI summary An online game's rules page for Taiwanese sixteen-tile mahjong: the tiles and flowers, seating, dealing, flower replacement, calls, the exhaustive draw with sixteen tiles left, and settlement as a base (底) plus so much per tai, with a worked example. It opens with a one-paragraph history that matches GameTower's almost word for word.
Cited for: Taiwanese style
439. Forum youtien (恆萃工坊). 「Fw: [分享] 我家的麻將規則」 (Our family's mahjong rules). PTT, MJ board, 25 July 2017, reposting 「胡家十三張麻將」, first posted 14 February 2005.
https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/MJ/M.1500978380.A.5EC.html
AI summary A player writes up the 13-tile rules his grandparents' generation brought to Taiwan and played for decades with colleagues and neighbours: 136 tiles with no flowers, 番 instead of 台, and play to the last tile. He contrasts them with the sixteen-tile Taiwanese and Guangdong thirteen-tile games most people play now.
Cited for: Taiwanese style
440. Official rules Hong Kong Mahjong Association (香港麻雀協會). 《港式台牌聯賽規則》 (PDF title 港式台牌比賽規則), last revised 28 October 2020. hkmahjong.org.
https://www.hkmahjong.org/_files/ugd/3e514c_4b39bc77f5fd48748e09f5b67195cc2e.pdf
AI summary The Association's 15-page league rules for the Hong Kong sixteen-tile game, the earliest edition of its rules found. Covers tiles, dealing, calls, the 叮 ready declaration, the carried 拉/踢 settlement, mid-game bonuses, penalties and a short faan table. Chinese Wikipedia cites it.
Cited for: Hong Kong Taiwanese
441. Official rules Hong Kong Mahjong Association (香港麻雀協會). 「麻雀規則」 (rules page, Chinese version). hkmahjong.org/rules, read 9 October 2026.
https://www.hkmahjong.org/rules?lang=zh
AI summary The Association's index of the rule sets it publishes, with each game's names: 港式台牌 (16-Tile Modern Mahjong), also 港式十六張新章麻雀 and, as a Hong Kong-only name, 台灣牌; 香港麻雀, also 清章麻雀 and, locally, 廣東牌; and riichi. The English version of the same page is the URL already recorded for hkma-2023-hk-rules.
Cited for: Hong Kong old style, Modern HKOS, Hong Kong Taiwanese
442. Organisation Hong Kong Mahjong Association (香港麻雀協會). 「香港麻雀公開賽 2026 / Hong Kong Mahjong Open 2026」 event page. hkmahjong.org, read 9 October 2026.
https://www.hkmahjong.org/hongkongmahjongopen2026
AI summary The Association's page for its 2026 open, held July to August 2026 at its Mong Kok venue, Mah-Jestic by HKMA. It has three events: the Hong Kong Mahjong Masters, the 港式台牌公開賽 (Hong Kong Taiwanese Mahjong Open) played under the Association's 港式台牌 rules, and the Hong Kong Riichi Mahjong Open.
Cited for: Hong Kong Taiwanese
443. Commercial Law, Kin Ming. 《麻將計數機》 (Mahjong counter), iOS app. App Store (Hong Kong) listing, read 9 October 2026.
https://apps.apple.com/hk/app/%E9%BA%BB%E5%B0%87%E8%A8%88%E6%95%B8%E6%A9%9F/id1350174034
AI summary A Hong Kong scoring and record-keeping app, rated by 9.9K users, with separate modes for Taiwanese, Japanese, Hong Kong and Hong Kong-style Taiwanese mahjong (港式台灣麻雀) and for 碰槓牌. Its listing says what each mode settles.
Cited for: Hong Kong Taiwanese
444. Commercial Tam, Alex. 《台牌小助手》: 港式台牌番數計算機, iOS app, first released 16 October 2023. App Store (Hong Kong) listing, read 9 October 2026.
https://apps.apple.com/hk/app/%E5%8F%B0%E7%89%8C%E5%B0%8F%E5%8A%A9%E6%89%8B/id6469416883
AI summary A tally app for the Hong Kong sixteen-tile game. It records each hand's faan and applies the carried multiplier (拉) and the halving (踢半). The listing includes its version history.
Cited for: Hong Kong Taiwanese
445. Commercial Liu, Wing Hin. 《麻將計番/算台》, iOS app, first released 17 January 2024. App Store (Hong Kong) listing, read 9 October 2026.
https://apps.apple.com/hk/app/%E9%BA%BB%E5%B0%87%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AA-%E7%AE%97%E5%8F%B0/id6475007399
AI summary A tile-scanning scoring app for riichi, Hong Kong, Taiwanese and Hong Kong-style Taiwanese mahjong. Its Hong Kong Taiwanese mode, added in November 2024, lets players set their own faan list, values and rules.
Cited for: Hong Kong Taiwanese
446. Guide Anonymous. 「香港人的台灣麻雀番數表」 (台灣麻雀番數表(港式)). twmahjong.com. A Word document saved as a web page; its metadata gives it as created 26 January 2010 and last saved 17 April 2014.
AI summary A Hong Kong player's faan table and house rules for the sixteen-tile game: faan values, the 叮 declaration, dealer continuance, the base and the carried settlement (拉). Chinese Wikipedia cites it, and the same text appears on adhoc-bet.appspot.com.
Cited for: Hong Kong Taiwanese
447. Guide Anonymous. 「港式台灣麻雀番數表」. adhoc-bet.appspot.com/twmj.htm. Undated; Chinese Wikipedia cites a Wayback Machine capture of 4 August 2018.
http://adhoc-bet.appspot.com/twmj.htm
AI summary An HTML copy of the twmahjong.com faan table and house rules, identical in every passage compared. It is not an independent voice.
Cited for: Hong Kong Taiwanese
448. Collection Asian Civilisations Museum, Singapore. "Mahjong tiles set." China, early 20th century. Accession no. 2021-00032, gift in memory of Dr Sylvia Hoe née Lee Seok Keng. Roots.gov.sg (National Heritage Board).
https://www.roots.gov.sg/collection-landing/listing/1499867
AI summary The National Heritage Board's catalogue record of an export-style mahjong set made in China in the early twentieth century, now in the Asian Civilisations Museum. The description adds a one-line history: mahjong came to Singapore with immigrants from southern China.
Cited for: Nanyang variants, Singapore style
449. Guide Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 7E: Mystery Mah-Jongg Tiles." Sloperama.
https://sloperama.com/mjfaq/special.html
AI summary Sloper's running FAQ on unusual tiles that readers send in, with photographs and correspondence. It covers Malaysian fly and face tiles and capture tiles, and reprints a 2012 exchange in which Michael Stanwick relates 聽用 joker tiles in a set bought in Singapore to Liu Yishu's 1941 description and to Changsha 王麻雀.
Cited for: Nanyang variants
450. Guide Phua, Edwin (posting as EP). "Mahjong, Singapore Style." Singapore Sparrows (blog), 24 February 2008.
https://mahjongsingapore.blogspot.com/2008/02/mahjong-singapore-style.html
AI summary A Singaporean MCR player's first post on the local game and how it differs from Hong Kong Old Style: animal tiles and their 'bites', immediate payouts, the All Chows hand and a 15-tile dead wall. Includes notes on local vocabulary and cites Strauser and Evans (1964) on animal tiles.
Cited for: Nanyang variants
451. Guide Remember Singapore. "4D, Mahjong and Chap Ji Kee.. History of Gambling in Singapore." Published 30 November 2011, updated 28 September 2015.
https://remembersingapore.org/2011/11/30/4d-mahjong-and-chap-ji-kee/
AI summary A Singapore heritage blog's survey of local gambling since colonial times, with a short section comparing Singapore mahjong with other styles. The mahjong section cites no sources.
Cited for: Nanyang variants
452. Organisation Baba Nyonya Museum, Melaka. "Nyonya Entertainment." Tour section of the museum's website.
https://www.babanyonyamuseum.com/nyonya-entertainment/
AI summary A Peranakan house museum's tour page on the family's pastimes: its mahjong table, cherki cards and a family member's memories of playing. It gives no dates and no rules.
Cited for: Nanyang variants
453. Commercial Weiss, Karl. "Rules for Singapore Mahjong." singaporemahjong.com, updated 28 April 2025.
https://www.singaporemahjong.com/rules/
AI summary The rules page of a site that has run a free Singapore Mahjong game for the web and phones since 1997 and sells e-books on the game. It covers the 148 tiles, the fan list with a default minimum of one and limit of five, the immediate payments for kongs, animal pairs and flower sets, the pay-for-all cases and some house variations. Sloperama's FAQ 2b links to it.
Cited for: Singapore style
454. Law Gambling Control Act 2022 (No. 15 of 2022), Singapore. Singapore Statutes Online, current version as at 10 October 2026.
https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/GCA2022
AI summary Singapore's consolidated gambling statute. It replaced the Common Gaming Houses Act 1961 and the Betting Act, and came into force in 2022. Section 12 defines social gambling (in a home, among family or people who know each other, with no business or outside gain) and declares it not unlawful.
Cited for: Singapore style
455. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "Singaporean Mahjong scoring rules." Revision 1047350534, 30 September 2021.
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singaporean_Mahjong_scoring_rules&oldid=1047350534
AI summary A long, unsourced English article on the Singapore game, on Wikipedia from July 2005 until 2021. Its last versions ran to 60 KB on the tiles, instant payments (bites), point values, the minimum and limit, pay-for-all rules in shooter and non-shooter play, and penalties. It was tagged as original research, made a redirect to Scoring in Mahjong in November 2021, and protected in February 2022 after IP editors kept restoring it. It is still the Wikidata item's English sitelink.
Cited for: Singapore style
456. Tournament rules Phua, Edwin. "Singapore Style Mahjong Consensus Rules for Competition." Singapore Sparrows (blog), 20 March 2021, with the 14-page rules (compiled 2010-2014) as a PDF on Google Drive.
https://mahjongsingapore.blogspot.com/2021/03/singapore-style-mahjong-consensus-rules.html
AI summary The rules and regulations a Singapore referee wrote for the community-club tournaments he ran: the 148 tiles, doubles (tai) with a one-double minimum and a five-double limit, all-losers-pay with the discarder paying double, kong payments, a 32-element scoring table, and pay-for-all (bao) penalties. Bites are left out as house rules. The post explains why he published them. The PDF is at https://drive.google.com/file/d/1D2SXi1mKOLtB_IW96gux2uJPKirQgFq5/view.
Cited for: Singapore style
457. Guide Phua, Edwin. "Rules of Singapore Style Mahjong: Animals." Singapore Sparrows (blog), 21 August 2011.
https://mahjongsingapore.blogspot.com/2011/08/rules-of-singapore-style-mahjong_2551.html
AI summary One part of Phua's 2011 series on Singapore Style rules: what the animal tiles and the complete animal set score, with Chinese terms.
Cited for: Singapore style
458. Guide Phua, Edwin. "Animal Tiles and Their Use." Singapore Sparrows (blog), 17 February 2010.
https://mahjongsingapore.blogspot.com/2010/02/animal-tiles-and-their-use.html
AI summary A short post on how Singapore players use the animal tiles: a double each, and the instant payment for a predator-prey 'bite'. It sets these against the capture rule in Strauser and Evans (1964), which another Singapore player reported using, and draws on a rec.games.mahjong discussion.
Cited for: Singapore style
459. Commercial PlayLeh LLP. "MahjongLeh Rules and Regulations." playleh.com, updated 5 January 2026.
https://playleh.com/mahjongleh-rules.html
AI summary The rules of MahjongLeh, an online multiplayer game that its App Store listing calls Singapore's top mahjong app. It covers the 148 tiles, tai scoring with a configurable minimum and maximum, the payout table, instant payments for kongs and bites (咬到), an optional shooter rule, and the discard rules.
Cited for: Singapore style
460. Collection National Museum of Singapore. "Mahjong tile set." Singapore, mid-20th century. Accession no. 2019-00103, gift of Julia Ho and Bessie Lee. Roots.gov.sg (National Heritage Board).
https://www.roots.gov.sg/Collection-Landing/listing/1450583
AI summary The catalogue record of a paper-and-bone set that belonged to the stockbroker Lee Swee Cheng and his wife Elsie Lee. It was one of a pair used at their house, one set for the men and one for the wives. The record does not describe the tiles.
Cited for: Singapore style
461. Journalism Low, Celine. "How The Heck Do You Play Mahjong: A Beginner's Guide." SAYS (says.com), 28 January 2025.
https://says.com/my/lifestyle/how-the-heck-do-you-play-mahjong
AI summary A Malaysian news site's Chinese New Year primer on mahjong as played in Malaysia: three players, 84 tiles, the wall and deal, claiming tiles and the Fly. It links Mahjong Pros for the fan table.
Cited for: Malaysian 3-player, Malaysian 4-player
462. Forum nodkane. 「马来西亚三人麻将」 (Malaysian three-player mahjong). 佳礼资讯网 (Cari) forum, board 茶棋园艺,收集展览,其他, 12 January 2016. Reposted from 雀聖麻将贸易.
https://c.cari.com.my/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=3800938
AI summary A forum post that sets out the Malaysian three-player game from memory: the 84 tiles and what to use for them from an ordinary set, the deal, true and false pungs and kongs with the 飛, a fan list and a chip table. It says it is reposted from a mahjong trading business.
Cited for: Malaysian 3-player
463. Journalism 中國報 China Press (柔佛人). 「庙内打麻将聚赌 16男女被捕」 (Sixteen men and women arrested for gambling at mahjong in a temple). 3 February 2025.
AI summary A police report of a Chinese New Year mahjong game in a temple at Tangkak, Johor. It was investigated under section 7(2) of the Common Gaming Houses Act 1953, and the report gives the penalty.
Cited for: Malaysian 3-player
464. Journalism 陈星彤 (Chen Xingtong). 「大马版麻将Myjong Mahjong／麻将那么好玩，为什么只有华人在玩？」 (Malaysian-style mahjong, Myjong Mahjong: if mahjong is such fun, why do only the Chinese play it?). 星洲日报 Sin Chew Daily, 副刊 东西, 7 January 2025.
https://www.sinchew.com.my/news/20250107/supplement/6188100
AI summary A feature on a designer's Malaysian-themed three-player mahjong sets. It gives the set as 84 tiles and describes how the designer replaced the 飛 character with wings.
Cited for: Malaysian 3-player
465. Commercial Autumn Interactive Pte Ltd. "3P Mahjong Fury- Bloodbath." Apple App Store listing, read 2026-10-09.
https://apps.apple.com/us/app/3p-mahjong-fury-bloodbath/id1535822665
AI summary An online three-player game whose listing sets out its rules: 84 tiles (36 number, 28 honour, 16 bonus and 4 飛 jokers), a 5-fan minimum, how the jokers are used, instant 'bites' for animal and flower pairs, and multipliers in place of a fan limit.
Cited for: Malaysian 3-player
466. Journalism Vijayan, Sheela. "Duo revitalises mahjong sets with unique M'sian twist." Free Malaysia Today (FMT Lifestyle), 18 February 2025.
AI summary A feature on Myjong, a Petaling Jaya maker of wooden and acrylic mahjong sets with Malaysian motifs. It gives the maker's set sizes: 84 tiles for three players and 144 for four.
Cited for: Malaysian 4-player
467. Journalism Toh, Terence. "Click, clack, connect: 'Jom Mahjong' brings people together." Free Malaysia Today (FMT Lifestyle), 8 October 2026.
AI summary A report on Jom Mahjong, a social mahjong club founded in Kuala Lumpur in April 2026. It gives the club's size and says its members usually play Hong Kong mahjong.
Cited for: Malaysian 4-player
468. Commercial Gamesofa (Godgame Service). 麻将神来也星马麻将-3人/4人麻将、娱乐城 (Flying Mahjong). App Store listing, first released January 2020.
AI summary The store listing for a Taiwanese developer's online mahjong game sold as authentic Singapore-Malaysian (星马) play for three or four players. It lists 飛 (Fly) jokers, a full fan list and a five-fan minimum. The rules themselves are inside the app.
Cited for: Malaysian 4-player
469. Guide 马来西亚麻将算番器 (Malaysian mahjong fan calculator). 「番表」 (fan table). mahjongapp.vercel.app, 2026.
https://mahjongapp.vercel.app/fan-table
AI summary A hobbyist's web calculator and session tracker for 'Malaysian mahjong'. Its table has a 15-fan limit and mixes Hong Kong and Chinese Official hands with invented ones. Chinese Wikipedia's article on the four-player game cites it for its scoring.
Cited for: Malaysian 4-player
470. Journalism Gorecho, Dennis R. "Kuwentong Peyups atbp | Mahjong as part of Chinese influence in Filipino culture." Edge Davao (Vantage Points), 1 August 2025.
AI summary A Manila lawyer's syndicated column on mahjong in Filipino family life and Chinese-Filipino culture. Gives the 144-tile set and the winning hand of five sets and a pair. A column with the same title is listed under Cebu Daily News and BusinessMirror.
Cited for: Filipino style
471. Journalism Daza, Pat-P. "A mahjong weekend with the family." Razzle-Daza column, The Philippine Star, 25 January 2021.
https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2021/01/25/2072704/mahjong-weekend-family
AI summary A columnist's account of three generations of a Manila family playing mahjong. Her family played 'the Chinese version' out of deference to her Chinese mother, and her sister could read tiles by touch ('salat').
Cited for: Filipino style
472. Commercial Rotate Games, LLC. "Pinoy Mahjong: Authentic Filipino Mahjong." App Store listing (version 3.1.1, September 2026).
https://apps.apple.com/app/id1157792774
AI summary The listing of a single-player Filipino mahjong app. It names its rules features (chow, pong, kang, secret and snag, rob the snag, seven pairs, 1-to-9 straight, flores bonuses, jackpot play); the rules themselves are inside the app.
Cited for: Filipino style
473. Commercial Generational Games. "Mahjong Tayo! Filipino Mahjong." App Store listing.
https://apps.apple.com/app/id6760841537
AI summary The listing of an online Filipino mahjong app with tutorials and a story mode. It names the rules it includes (secret, sagasa, siete pares, instant and special payouts, ambitions, jai alai, joker) but does not state them.
Cited for: Filipino style
474. Commercial Greenwing Labs Inc. "How to Play Filipino Mahjong" (Filipino Mahjong Rules: How to Play, Tiles & Scoring). filipinomahjongonline.com, 2026.
https://filipinomahjongonline.com/how-to-play-filipino-mahjong
AI summary The rules page of the Filipino Mahjong Online web and mobile game: the tiles by count, set-up with a separate bonus wall, claiming, waits, special wins, bonus conditions and optional rules. Its optional rules closely follow Mahjong Pros's page.
Cited for: Filipino style
475. Organisation Casino Filipino (Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation). "Casino Filipino Branches" (Branches and Satellites). casinofilipino.ph.
https://casinofilipino.ph/branches%20and%20satellites.html
AI summary PAGCOR's list of its own Casino Filipino branches and satellites, with addresses. It puts Casino Filipino Cebu in the Waterfront Hotel & Casino, Lahug, Cebu City, and Casino Filipino Mactan in the Waterfront Airport Hotel.
Cited for: Bashi-Bashi
476. Commercial Waterfront Philippines, Inc. "WPI Subsidiaries." waterfronthotels.com.ph.
https://www.waterfronthotels.com.ph/wpi/wpi_subsidiaries/
AI summary The hotel group's description of its subsidiaries. Waterfront Cebu City Casino Hotel Inc. opened in January 1998, and its Entertainment Block holds a casino complex operated by PAGCOR.
Cited for: Bashi-Bashi
477. Law Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation, Gaming Licensing and Development Department. "Casino Regulatory Manual for Licensed Land-Based Casinos." Revision 0, effective 13 August 2025.
AI summary PAGCOR's combined regulatory manual for privately licensed land-based casinos. Licensees need PAGCOR's approval for each table game's rules, filed on a New Game Request form, and the manual sets equipment standards that include pai gow tiles. No mahjong game is named.
Cited for: Bashi-Bashi
478. Guide Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 7-EJ: Those Mysterious Special Joker Tiles That Come in Some Mah-Jongg Sets." Sloperama.
https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/specialj.html
AI summary Sloper's FAQ on joker tiles, built from reader correspondence. It reprints his 2001 bulletin-board account of the 160-tile Vietnamese set, giving the eight jokers' Vietnamese names and his own guesses at the rules. It also reprints Michael Stanwick (2012) on Changsha 王麻雀 and Raymond Lee (2016, 2019) on Vietnamese jokers in Hong Kong sets.
Cited for: Vietnamese classical, Vietnamese modern
479. Guide Sloper, Tom. "Rules for Mah-Jongg - Vietnamese Style." Word document, Sloperama downloads folder (file dated 24 February 2023).
https://sloperama.com/downlode/mahjongg/Vietnamese_Mah-Jongg_Rules.doc
AI summary Sloper's write-up of the Vietnamese game, based on rules from a Vietnamese-American friend who plays with 176 tiles. It covers the 160 and 176-tile sets, the uses of the jokers and the kings and queens, the No Flowers - No Leaves hand, payment in pha'n and mu'n, and a scoring chart the friend supplied.
Cited for: Vietnamese classical, Vietnamese modern
480. Rulebook [Anonymous.] "Bài mạt chược" (the 'Edward' Vietnamese mahjong rules), undated booklet, with English translation and notes by Bridget Young. PDF, Sloperama downloads folder (file dated 20 July 2026).
AI summary A Vietnamese rule booklet for the 160-tile game, with the translation on the facing column. It covers the eight khung jokers and the flowers, seating, dealing, claiming, the winning hand, payment tables in phán and mủn, and penalties. The translator adds notes, a comparison with the modern game and a reference to Nguyễn Xuân Mai's 1950 guide. Hosted by Sloperama but not written by Sloper.
Cited for: Vietnamese classical, Vietnamese modern
481. Law Chính phủ (Government of Vietnam). Nghị định số 282/2025/NĐ-CP ngày 30 tháng 10 năm 2025 quy định xử phạt vi phạm hành chính trong lĩnh vực an ninh, trật tự, an toàn xã hội; phòng, chống tệ nạn xã hội; phòng, chống bạo lực gia đình. Công báo số 1583 + 1584, 17 November 2025.
AI summary Vietnam's decree on administrative penalties for public-order offences, in force from 15 December 2025 in place of Decree 144/2021. Article 36 sets the fines for illegal gambling: it lists named card, dice and betting games and adds 'other forms' played for money.
Cited for: Vietnamese classical
482. Encyclopedia Pháp Thí Hội. "Mạt Chược." Từ điển Phật giáo: Chú Thích Phật Học. blog.phapthihoi.org.
https://blog.phapthihoi.org/tu-dien-phat-giao/mat-chuoc/
AI summary A glossary entry in a Vietnamese Buddhist dictionary site. It says Vietnamese sets have 160 tiles against 144-152 in Chinese ones, names the khung jokers and the flower sets, and describes the Vietnamese game as formal and played mostly by the well-off. Undated and unsourced.
Cited for: Vietnamese classical
483. Commercial Thế Giới Board Game. "Hướng dẫn chơi mạt chược." 5 April 2024.
https://thegioiboardgame.vn/blogs/luat-boardgame/huong-dan-choi-mat-chuoc
AI summary A Vietnamese board-game retailer's rules page for mạt chược. It covers the 160-tile set, seating, dealing, named winning hands in phán and the scoring levels, and ends with short notes on Chinese and Japanese mahjong. It is muddled in places.
Cited for: Vietnamese classical
484. Historical Dennery, Étienne. Asia's Teeming Millions and Its Problems for the West. Translated by John Peile. London: Jonathan Cape, 1931. (French original: Foules d'Asie, 1930.)
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34213
AI summary A French political scientist's survey of population and migration in East and Southeast Asia, including the overseas Chinese of Indochina. It describes evening life in Cholon, mah-jong among other things. Read in the Digital Library of India scan on the Internet Archive.
Cited for: Vietnamese classical
485. Guide "Current Trends in Vietnamese and Japanese Tiles." Unsigned Word document, hosted at Sloperama, last saved June 2016.
AI summary A collector's illustrated note on the growing number of jokers in Vietnamese sets: four frames, the hexagon frame, half frames of nhị khẩu and 番 honour jokers. It also covers red dora tiles in Japanese sets and has a table of tile counts by variant that gives 188 for modern Vietnamese. Its figures match those Raymond Lee sent Sloper in June 2016.
Cited for: Vietnamese modern
486. Guide de Bodard, Aliette. "Help with deciphering mah jong tiles?" Blog post, aliettedebodard.com, 24 October 2011, with comments.
https://www.aliettedebodard.com/2011/10/24/help-with-deciphering-mah-jong-tiles/
AI summary The novelist asks readers to identify the extra tiles in a Vietnamese set bought in Vietnam. A French commenter who plays the Vietnamese game regularly explains the jokers ('rois') and the three-point minimum for going out.
Cited for: Vietnamese modern
487. Guide Thủ Thuật Chơi. "Hướng dẫn cách chơi Mạt chược." thuthuatchoi.com, n.d.
https://thuthuatchoi.com/huong-dan-cach-choi-mat-chuoc.html
AI summary A Vietnamese how-to page on mạt chược: the 160-tile set with one khung set, the jokers in blue and red groups, and the winning hand. Unsigned and undated.
Cited for: Vietnamese modern
488. Forum Bradfield, Julian. "mah-jong tiles (was: Emoji: emoticons vs. literacy)." Unicode mailing list, 6 January 2009.
https://www.unicode.org/mail-arch/unicode-ml/y2009-m01/0138.html
AI summary A mahjong researcher objects to the Unicode encoding of mahjong tiles, arguing that the encoded set leaves out most players' tiles. His examples are the animal flowers, the baida joker and the Vietnamese 'complex range of ranked and suited jokers'.
Cited for: Vietnamese modern
489. Forum Depaulis, Thierry (as [email protected]). Posts of 2 May 2006 in the thread "Official Chinese rules of 'Mah-Jong' (not Chinese Official...)", rec.games.mahjong. Read in the Internet Archive's October 2020 Usenet backup of the group.
AI summary Depaulis's summary of Pong, followed minutes later by his transcription of the section on games with mah jong tiles in C. T. Dobree's Gambling Games of Malaya (1955), pp. 137-8. It gives the 120 tiles and their Kelantan Malay names, the deal, the sets called tong and tong serong, the claiming rules and the scoring table. Sloperama's Pong entry summarises this post.
Cited for: Pong
490. Collection The Mahjong Tile Set. 'Literature Gallery 3.0.' themahjongtileset.co.uk.
https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/literature/literature-gallery-3-0/
AI summary A collector's captioned gallery of later books, papers and catalogues on Chinese money-suited cards and the tile set. It runs from C. T. Dobree's Gambling Games of Malaya (1955, entry 1955-1) and Gernot Prunner's 1969 catalogue of Chinese playing cards onward.
Cited for: Pong
491. Journalism "A Matter Of Chance." Editorial, Straits Times, 14 December 1959; reprinted in The Straits Budget (the weekly issue of the Straits Times), 23 December 1959, issue 696. Internet Archive scan.
https://archive.org/details/sim_straits-budget_1959-12-23_696
AI summary A Straits Times editorial on a Federation bill to make C. T. Dobree's book on gambling games available to the courts as expert evidence. The bill passed the House of Representatives and met objections in the Senate. The editorial sums up the book as covering gambling with cards, dice, dominoes, characters and numbers.
Cited for: Pong
492. Historical Lim, Yang-Chow (Y. C. Lim). The Original Rules of the Ancient Chinese Game, Maajok. Seattle: Y. C. Lim, 1923 (copyright 28 May 1923). 50 pp. Library of Congress copy, scanned at the Internet Archive.
https://archive.org/details/originalrulesofa00limy
AI summary A Chinese author's 'original Chinese rules' under the Cantonese name Maajok. It counts 136 tiles and treats the eight Flowers and Seasons as an optional addition that makes 144. Scoring is 20 for going out plus points for sets, then doublings; the losers settle their differences with each other, and East pays and receives double.
Cited for: Chinese classical
493. Collection Penn Museum (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology). 'Mahjong, Game Piece', object 19092. Shanghai, 19th century; deposited by George L. Farnum, 1896. Online collections record.
https://collections.penn.museum/collections/object/217514
AI summary Catalogue record of a Shanghai set of 140 sandalwood-and-ivory pieces, one of them missing: the three suits, the winds, four each of fa and centre, and eight blanks. It has no flower tiles.
Cited for: Chinese classical
494. Encyclopedia 萌娘百科 (Moegirlpedia). 「麻将」 (Mahjong). zh.moegirl.org.cn.
https://zh.moegirl.org.cn/%E9%BA%BB%E5%B0%86
AI summary A Chinese fan wiki's general article on mahjong. It covers the origin legends, the 136-tile set, the late-Qing settled form it calls 中国古典麻将, competition rules and a list of ways local rules change the base game. It cites no sources for the history.
Cited for: Chinese classical, Zung Jung
495. Journalism "Mah-Jongg Notes: Need for a Hongkong League." The China Mail (Hong Kong), 28 February 1924. Scanned at the Internet Archive.
https://archive.org/details/NPCM19240228
AI summary A weekly rules column in a Hong Kong English-language daily during the 1924 craze. It answers readers' questions on scoring, 'faan' and liability, and reports a move to found a Hong Kong Mah-Jongg League with a set of basic rules.
Cited for: Shanghai / Hong Kong new style
496. Guide Sloper, Tom and Alan Kwan. "The CC Theory: Arguments FOR the CC Theory." Sloperama.
https://sloperama.com/cctheory/argfor.html
AI summary One side of a 2000 newsgroup debate on whether Chinese Classical came before Hong Kong Old Style. Sloper lists the 1920s books that describe play in Hong Kong (Israel 1923, Racster 1924, Foster 1924), and all of them describe the classical game. Kwan derives HKOS from the classical game by dropping pung points and moving the double payment from East to the discarder, citing Perlmen and Chan and Millington.
Cited for: Hong Kong old style
497. Journalism 林祖偉. 「香港麻將走向夕陽所揭示的社會現象」. BBC News 中文, 17 February 2018.
https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-43043602
AI summary A report on why fewer people play mahjong in Hong Kong: lack of space, noise, and parlours turning to mainland games. It cites 簡而清's 《開台》 for the view that Hong Kong mahjong comes from Guangdong mahjong and has its own faan-counting rules.
Cited for: Hong Kong old style, Modern HKOS
498. Journalism 蕭曉華 and 周耀恩. 「【品牌50】鷄記麻雀 將一副麻雀變成一個行業」. 明周文化 (Ming Pao Weekly), 15 May 2018.
AI summary A feature on the Kai Kee mahjong parlours, told by the founding family. It covers the 1932 store where 廣東牌 was played, the 1955 campaign against closure, the 144 licences of 1956 and the 'Mahjong School' name, the commission (抽水) system, and the switch to Shenzhen-style discarder-pays-all play after 2003.
Cited for: Hong Kong old style
499. Journalism 工商晚報 (Kung Sheung Evening News), Hong Kong, 31 August 1964. Scanned at the Internet Archive, with a headline list.
https://archive.org/details/NPKSE19640831
AI summary One issue of a Hong Kong Chinese evening paper. Its headline list includes a report from Macau of two people killed after a quarrel over a chicken-hand win (食雞糊). The page scans have no usable text layer.
Cited for: Hong Kong old style
500. Journalism 草莓泡芙. 「農曆新年2022｜打麻雀計番計數機！對對糊／清一色／大三元番數一覽」. HK01 (香港01), 1 February 2022 (updated 19 January 2023).
AI summary A Hong Kong news site's New Year guide to the faan of Hong Kong mahjong (香港牌/廣東牌): 3 faan to win, chicken hand barred, a top of 8 or 10 faan or none set by the players, the faan of each hand from 1 to the limit, and the flower faan.
Cited for: Modern HKOS
501. Journalism Mitty. 「麻雀玩法｜如何計番？新手入門玩法：教你香港牌食糊組合+番數計錢」. Cosmopolitan HK, 17 January 2025.
https://www.cosmopolitan.com.hk/lifestyle/how-to-play-mahjong
AI summary A Hong Kong magazine's beginner's guide to Hong Kong mahjong: the 3-faan minimum, an 8- or 10-faan top, the hands by faan, the stake scales 二五雞, 五一 and 一二蚊, and payment with the discarder paying double and the others single. English Wikipedia cites it for the 3-faan minimum.
Cited for: Modern HKOS
502. Journalism 吳美松. 「半世紀麻雀館去江湖味求變 VAR捉老千 推深度遊傳承麻雀文化」. HK01 (香港01), 29 September 2024.
AI summary A feature on 香港蔴雀娛樂公司, a Wan Chai mahjong parlour open since 1969: its staff ranks, the 5% commission on winnings, usual stakes then and now, the old rule boards (舊牌例) kept from its first premises, the first 144 'mahjong school' licences, and the 67 licensed parlours left in March 2024.
Cited for: Modern HKOS
503. Encyclopedia Chinese Wikipedia: 廣東麻雀籌碼計法 (Chip scoring in Guangdong mahjong).
AI summary A short, unreferenced article on how faan become money in Cantonese play: the stake scales 二五雞, 五一 and 一二蚊, the half-pay (半銃制) and full-pay (全銃制) systems, and the 辣辣上 and 半辣上 tables above 4 faan.
Cited for: Modern HKOS
504. Commercial Sugarcane Network Technology Co., Ltd. 《香港麻雀13張》, iOS app, version 2.8 (20 October 2022). App Store (Hong Kong) listing, read 12 October 2026.
https://apps.apple.com/hk/app/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%8013%E5%BC%B5/id1441365547
AI summary A single-player Hong Kong 13-tile mahjong app whose listing offers a 3-faan or 1-faan minimum and a 13-faan cap; its version history dates the Hong Kong rules with that choice to 19 June 2019.
Cited for: Modern HKOS
505. Commercial Nix's publishing. 《麻雀 頂硬上!》, iOS app, version 1.2204.1 (4 April 2022). App Store (Hong Kong) listing, read 12 October 2026.
https://apps.apple.com/hk/app/%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80-%E9%A0%82%E7%A1%AC%E4%B8%8A/id898483870
AI summary An offline 13-tile Hong Kong-rules mahjong app whose listing names three table modes: any hand (搶食糊), chicken hand allowed (雞糊起糊) and a 3-faan minimum (三番起糊).
Cited for: Modern HKOS
506. Organisation 香港戒賭中心 (Hong Kong Gamblers Recovery Centre). "History of Gambling in Hong Kong." hkgamblers-recovery.org, about 2011.
https://www.hkgamblers-recovery.org/eng/gamble_hongkong.php
AI summary A gambling-recovery charity's short history of gambling in Hong Kong: the 1871 ban on gaming houses, police licensing of mahjong businesses from 1956 with 144 licences under the English name 'Mahjong School', 66 schools by June 2011, and the lotteries and betting since.
Cited for: Modern HKOS
507. Journalism 《大众软件》 (Popsoft). Article on the rules of 《中国竞技娱乐中心之广东麻将》 (untitled in the OCR), 2004年6月上 (June 2004, issue A). Scanned in the Internet Archive's Popsoft 1995-2016 collection.
AI summary A computer-magazine piece, promotional in tone, on the rules of a Guangzhou company's online Guangdong mahjong. It covers the game 'generally called 鸡平和', 'simplified from traditional 老章' and the most popular in the Pearl River Delta: its fan list, the ban on the no-fan chicken hand, and liability when 12 tiles are exposed. Read in the OCR text, which is spaced and error-strewn.
Cited for: Guangdong style
508. Commercial Tencent QQ Game. 〈广东鸡平胡麻将〉 game page and rules, qqgame.qq.com (released 1 November 2005).
https://qqgame.qq.com/app/gamedetail_43.shtml
AI summary The QQ Game platform's rules for Guangdong chicken-hand (鸡平胡) mahjong: 136 tiles without flowers, chows allowed, and fan that double ('番是2倍的意思') under a 3-fan cap (爆胡), with special hands of 4 to 6 fan above the cap. It also covers multiple winners and liability for a self-draw after 12 tiles are exposed. Opens with the 'four schools' text first seen in 2007.
Cited for: Guangdong style
509. Commercial Tencent QQ Game. 〈广东推倒胡麻将〉 game page and rules, qqgame.qq.com (released 1 November 2005).
https://qqgame.qq.com/app/gamedetail_57.shtml
AI summary The QQ Game platform's rules for Guangdong push-down: 136 tiles without flowers, pung and kong but no chow, wins by self-draw only except by robbing a kong, kong payments, and the dealer buying one to four 'horses'. Calls push-down the most popular game in Shenzhen and Dongguan.
Cited for: Guangdong style
510. Commercial Tencent QQ Game. 〈竞技广东麻将〉 game page, qqgame.qq.com (third-party game, released 15 June 2016).
https://qqgame.qq.com/app/gamedetail_10426.shtml
AI summary A short description of a third-party 'Guangdong mahjong' on QQ Game: push-down rules with a ghost (wild) tile, and horses bought by the winner that double the score if they hit. No full rules.
Cited for: Guangdong style
511. Commercial 腾讯欢乐麻将 (Tencent Happy Mahjong). 〈厉害了！广东麻将〉. 欢乐麻将官方网站, 新手入门, 6 August 2018.
https://majiang.qq.com/webplat/info/news_version3/7207/31873/33020/33021/m18795/201808/748028.shtml
AI summary The game's own short account of Guangdong mahjong: four schools (鸡平胡, 推倒胡, 新章, 老章), 136 tiles without flowers or seasons, a fan cap called 爆胡 that limit hands may exceed, and a minimum agreed before play.
Cited for: Guangdong style
512. Commercial 腾讯欢乐麻将 (Tencent Happy Mahjong). 〈这么多的不同玩法，总有一个适合你！〉. 欢乐麻将官方网站, 11 December 2020.
https://majiang.qq.com/webplat/info/news_version3/7207/31873/31875/31894/m18795/202012/877643.shtml
AI summary A round-up of the game's modes. Its 广东麻将 has horses that double the score, a wild 赖子 tile, chicken hands won only by self-draw, and a 100-tile version without characters (广麻100张).
Cited for: Guangdong style
513. Journalism 17173.com. 〈活动结束 网络三缺一全新公测送大奖〉, 4 April 2007.
https://news.17173.com/content/2007-04-04/20070404175154419.shtml
AI summary A games-portal news item on the Guangzhou launch of the online game 网络三缺一's Guangdong mahjong hall, followed by the game's rules introduction. That introduction gives four schools of Guangdong play (鸡平胡, 推倒胡, 新章, 老章), with 鸡平胡 the most widespread in the Pearl River Delta and 推倒胡 in Shenzhen and Dongguan, and a 136-tile set without flowers. It is the earliest dated copy found of the text later repeated by QQ Game, Tencent and Chinese National Geography.
Cited for: Guangdong style
514. Encyclopedia Mahjong Wiki. "Guangdong MCR Scoring." mahjong.wikidot.com.
http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:gmcr-scoring
AI summary The scoring page of the wiki's GMCR section. It gives the 4-4 winner-only payout, the four scoring restrictions and the table of 56 winning conditions, and ends with a link to the San Hako Mahjong blog's Guangdong resources page.
Cited for: Guangdong MCR / GMCR
515. Guide MansterSoft (David). "Mahjong - HKOS, New Chapter, and Guangdong Style" (page "Guangdong Style Mahjong History"). San Hako Mahjong (blog), 19 November 2025, updated 20 March 2026.
https://san-hako-mahjong.blogspot.com/feeds/pages/default/9015098970559577312
AI summary The GMCR designer's long write-up of the rules of Hong Kong Old Style, New Chapter (New 6, New 18) and Guangdong Style, which he compiled from nine translated rulesets. It includes his notes on how GMCR's point values were set and his description of GMCR as a proof-of-concept framework. Read through the blog's Atom feed, because the page itself is drawn by script.
Cited for: Guangdong MCR / GMCR
516. Guide MansterSoft (David). "Updates & Guangdong Style Mahjong." San Hako Mahjong (blog), 19 November 2025, updated 6 February 2026.
https://san-hako-mahjong.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default/748186697189395294
AI summary Blog post announcing the author's research into Guangdong Style, then based on seven rulesets, and his own ruleset built from it, GMCR. The earliest dated mention of GMCR found. Read through the blog's Atom feed.
Cited for: Guangdong MCR / GMCR
517. Guide MansterSoft (David). "Guangdong Style Mahjong, GMCR, and 2-Player Mahjong Updates." San Hako Mahjong (blog), 7 February 2026, updated 11 February 2026.
https://san-hako-mahjong.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default/81137268735772170
AI summary Blog post announcing the finished GMCR and a four-step teaching programme. It explains why the author made GMCR: rulesets that varied widely and no English-language resources, so he compiled nine rulesets. Read through the blog's Atom feed.
Cited for: Guangdong MCR / GMCR
518. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Japanese). 「中国麻雀」 (Chinese mahjong).
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80
AI summary The Japanese article on MCR, under the name 中国麻雀, also known as 中国麻将, ちゅんま and 国標麻将. It covers the making of the rules, the 2006 WMO rules and the 2014 revision with its beginner rules, the differences from Japanese mahjong and all 81 patterns. Its only footnote is to chinamajiang.com.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official, MCR scoring reference
519. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (French). « Règles de compétition du Mah-jong ».
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8gles_de_comp%C3%A9tition_du_Mah-jong
AI summary The French article on the Mahjong Competition Rules (MCR). It covers the July 1998 standardisation, the first world championship in Japan in 2002, the sixteen-hand game with seat changes and a table of the 81 combinations. It cites the Fédération Française de Mahjong and the EMA.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official
520. Commercial Mahjong Time. "Chinese Official Mahjong Scoring." mahjongtime.com.
https://www.mahjongtime.com/chinese-official-mahjong-scoring.html
AI summary The scoring help page of an online mahjong platform with a Chinese Official (MCR) lobby. It gives the 81 hands from 1 to 88 points, the 8-point minimum with flowers counted apart, and the January and September 1998 dates. Page 1 of 8.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official
521. Commercial Mahjong Time. "Chinese Official Mahjong Rules." mahjongtime.com.
https://www.mahjongtime.com/chinese-official-mahjong-rules.html
AI summary The rules help page for the same platform's Chinese Official game: the 144-tile set, flowers and seasons, and a short dating of the rules to January 1998. Page 1 of 4.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official
522. Organisation 日本麻将体育協会 (Japan Mahjong Sports Association, JMSA). 「歴史」 (History). jmsa.jp, old site, c. 2014.
https://www.jmsa.jp/www/history.html
AI summary A year-by-year chronicle of the Japanese MCR body from 1998 to 2014. It records the October 1998 Beijing international city tournament, the body's founding in June 1999 as 国際公式麻将協会 and its renaming in April 2002, and its Japan Championships and results at Chinese and European events.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official
523. Organisation 日本健康麻将協会 (Japan Health Mahjong Association). 「国際公式麻将」 (International official mahjong). kenko-mahjong.com.
https://kenko-mahjong.com/kokusai.php
AI summary The association's page on the international rules. Its 「国際ルール誕生物語」 tells the rules' origin from its own Japan–China exchange tournaments of 1994-1997: it says the association suggested a no-stakes Chinese standard, and that its officers sat on the committee that cut more than 400 patterns to 81.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official, MCR scoring reference
524. Journalism 智力体育竞技. 〈净身出户为何忍辱前行？揭秘竞技麻将的正名之路〉 (The road to legitimacy for competitive mahjong). 新浪体育 (sports.sina.cn), 25 December 2019.
https://sports.sina.cn/others/qipai/2019-12-25/detail-iihnzhfz8139373.d.html
AI summary A history of competitive mahjong in China, reposted by Sina Sports. It covers the Japan–China exchanges of the 1990s, three years of drafting among the local associations, the July 1998 rules, a 2002 world championship in Ningbo planned and dropped, mahjong's absence from the state's list of sports, and MIL's entry into IMSA in 2017.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official
525. Journalism 重庆晨报 (Chongqing Morning Post). 〈竞技麻将有些尴尬〉 (Competitive mahjong in an awkward spot). 华龙网, reposted on 新浪新闻, 22 October 2012.
http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2012-10-22/042925407566.shtml
AI summary A report on competitive mahjong's standing in China. It says the 1998 rules sold out a first printing of 150,000 copies in three months, that the only national championship was held in Guangzhou in December 1998, and that the state's chess and card games centre would not back national events.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official
526. Organisation Mahjong International League (国际麻将联盟). 《MIL 麻将智力运动全球推广赛事体系建设计划（试行）》 (Plan of mahjong competition events, for trial use). PDF, 5 pp., dated November 2022 in its metadata; uploaded 2024.
AI summary MIL's plan for a graded system of events, S to D level. It names MCR, riichi and Sichuan rules as competitive rulesets, and says MIL's world events use the 1998 Chinese rules, adapted, as the common version of MCR.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official, Mainland regionals
527. Collection National Diet Library. Catalogue record: 『世界麻雀2000国際公式統一ルール : 麻雀用語解説中国・日本・米国3ヶ国語』, 中国麻将競塞規則編写組, 麻雀博物館 編. 竹書房, 1999. NDL Search R100000002-I000002914392.
https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000002914392
AI summary The library record of the first Japanese edition of the rules: 141 pages, in Japanese, English and Chinese, edited by the Chinese rules drafting group with the Mahjong Museum (麻雀博物館), published October 1999. The NDL has digitised it, but the copy is open only on its premises.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official
528. Organisation European Mahjong Association. "Official Quotas for MCR Events." mahjong-europe.org, updated with each ranking (read 14 October 2026).
https://mahjong-europe.org/ranking/quotas_MCR.html
AI summary The EMA's live page of country quotas for the European MCR championship and the WMC, computed from its MCR ranking. On 9 October 2026 it gave 100 seats across 28 countries, with France holding the most (25).
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official
529. Organisation 世界麻将组织 (World Mahjong Organization). 〈国际《麻将竞赛规则》中英日文版即将出版〉 (Chinese–English–Japanese edition of the rules to be published). mindmahjong.com, 26 November 2014.
http://www.mindmahjong.com/info/showinfo.asp?id=977
AI summary The WMO's notice of its 2014 trilingual edition. It says the 2006 Chinese and English editions were compiled under WMO president Yu Guangyuan (于光远), and that a WMO meeting at the 2007 championship, which it calls the first world championship, made Chinese, English and Japanese its official languages.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official, MCR scoring reference
530. Organisation 世界麻将组织 (World Mahjong Organization). 〈世界麻将组织颁布的国际《麻将竞赛规则》〉 (The international Mahjong Competition Rules issued by the WMO). mindmahjong.com.
http://www.mindmahjong.com/info/showinfo.asp?id=131
AI summary The WMO site's page on its rulebook's editions: the Chinese edition, the Chinese–English–Japanese edition, and the Chinese text published by 中国社会科学出版社 (China Social Sciences Press). The site is run by 北京东品智运体育发展有限公司 for the WMO and the World Mahjong Contest Center.
Cited for: MCR / Chinese official
531. Organisation European Mahjong Association. "Mahjong Competition Rules (MCR)." mahjong-europe.org, rules page.
http://mahjong-europe.org/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31&Itemid=167
AI summary The EMA's page on the MCR, listing the documents that govern its ranked (MERS) tournaments: the 2006 Green Book (A4 and A5), a penalty overview, the August 2010 tournament regulations with a Spanish version, and Spanish and Italian translations of the Green Book. It dates official use of the rules to the 2002 World Championship in Japan and makes the Tournament Regulations and the Referee Manual binding from 1 January 2009.
Cited for: MCR scoring reference
532. Tournament rules European Mahjong Association. "Mahjong Competition Rules – Penalties overview." PDF, version 20 June 2009.
http://mahjong-europe.org/portal/images/docs/mcr_penalties.pdf
AI summary A one-page table of the penalties applied at EMA-ranked MCR tournaments, in three tiers: warnings and progressive penalties, dead hand, and point penalties. It includes the two false-hu penalties (10 or 20 points to each opponent) and how flowers may be used in counting.
Cited for: MCR scoring reference
533. Tournament rules Organizing Committee of the Eighth World Mahjong Championship. "Official Regulations of the Eighth World Mahjong Championship." Kunming, June 2026. PDF hosted by the Danish Mahjong Association (mahjong.dk).
AI summary The regulations for the 8th WMC (Kunming, 18-22 October 2026). Play follows the WMO's Mahjong Competition Rules under WMO-certified referees, over 10 rounds of 120 minutes, ranked by standard match points (4, 2, 1, 0), then by game points. Chinese bank details come before the English text.
Cited for: MCR scoring reference
534. Encyclopedia Moegirlpedia 萌娘百科. 「麻将/番种」 (Mahjong/fan types). zh.moegirl.org.cn.
https://zh.moegirl.org.cn/%E9%BA%BB%E5%B0%86/%E7%95%AA%E7%A7%8D
AI summary A Chinese fan wiki's comparison of the scoring tables of Guobiao (MCR), riichi and Zhongyong mahjong. Its Guobiao table follows the 2014 rules, marks where the 1998 rules differ, and says how its table departs from the official one.
Cited for: MCR scoring reference, Zung Jung
535. Official rules 日本麻将体育協会 (Japan Mahjong Sports Association, JMSA). 「役の一覧」 (List of yaku). jmsa.jp, 2008-2014.
https://www.jmsa.jp/www/rule1.html
AI summary The Japanese association's list of all 81 MCR fan, from the 1998 Chinese rules, with Japanese readings and short definitions. It gives the five counting principles under Japanese names and notes where Japanese tournaments depart from the table (flowers, a melded plus a concealed kong).
Cited for: MCR scoring reference
536. Organisation European Mahjong Association. "General Assembly 2015." Minutes, Copenhagen, 15 May 2015. PDF.
http://mahjong-europe.org/portal/images/docs/ga2015.pdf
AI summary Minutes of the EMA's 2015 assembly. They report that the WMO updated the MCR earlier that year and that the EMA's MCR rules committee was put on hold. They contrast the Chinese government's '98' Rules' with the WMO's Green Book, and record the EMA's decision to align with the new Mahjong International League.
Cited for: MCR scoring reference
537. Tournament rules Zung Jung Movement (San Diego Mahjong Club; Limit Cycle Entertainment LLC). "Competition Rules, Version 2.2." zungjungmovement.org, 2026.
https://zungjungmovement.org/tournament-rules/
AI summary Tournament rules for Zung Jung Movement events: one-day club tournaments (Community Series of Mahjong, SoM League) and two-day events (Regional Series, New World Series of Mahjong). They use Zung Jung v3.3 and are adapted from the 2015 World Series of Mahjong rules. Appendix A.6 reproduces the tournament-format section of the World Series of Mahjong 2018 rules unchanged.
Cited for: Zung Jung
538. Forum Krishmaratala, Nath, and Alan Kwan ("tarot"). "Zung Jung System v2.4 vs 2.51." rec.games.mahjong, 17 September 2003. Narkive archive.
https://rec.games.mahjong.narkive.com/npg4VqfS/zung-jung-system-v2-4-vs-2-51
AI summary A short Usenet thread comparing the English v2.4 and Chinese v2.51 texts of Zung Jung, with the designer replying that he is updating the English document. It is the earliest dated mention of numbered Zung Jung versions found.
Cited for: Zung Jung
539. Forum Kwan, Alan ("tarot"). "Re: World unified mahjong? (was: Re: chance vs. skill?)." rec.games.mahjong, 12 September 2003. Narkive archive.
https://rec.games.mahjong.narkive.com/vkZsfbIX/world-unified-mahjong-was-re-chance-vs-skill
AI summary Kwan criticises the Chinese Official and WMPA systems as combinatorially unsound and closed to development, and says that developing WMPA further would end in Zung Jung.
Cited for: Zung Jung
540. Forum Archon_Wing, Edwin Phua, John L., Nath Krismaratala and Patrick Ho. "World Series of Mahjong." rec.games.mahjong, 28 December 2006 to 19 January 2007. Narkive archive.
https://rec.games.mahjong.narkive.com/yPpKz1HU/world-series-of-mahjong
AI summary Players react to world-series-mahjong.com announcing a formal competition under Zung Jung rules. The thread notes the new site Kwan had set up for the system, compares its hands to Japanese mahjong without dora or riichi, and remarks on the entry fee.
Cited for: Zung Jung
541. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Japanese). 「世界麻雀大会」 (World Series of Mahjong).
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A
AI summary The Japanese article on the World Series of Mahjong: the dates, entries and winners of the 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2015 events, Japanese players' placings, and the adoption of Kwan's 中庸麻雀得点計算法. Each event is cited to worldmahjong.com/ja/ pages.
Cited for: Zung Jung
542. Encyclopedia Wikipedia (Chinese). 〈世界麻將大賽〉 (World Series of Mahjong).
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%BA%BB%E5%B0%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%B3%BD
AI summary A short Chinese article listing the venues (Wynn Macau 2007 and 2008, the Venetian Macao 2010 and 2015, Sydney 2013), the prize pools and the 2013 entry fee. It does not mention Zung Jung, and its opening date of 2009 contradicts its own list.
Cited for: Zung Jung
543. Organisation World Mahjong Limited. "World Series of Mahjong 2015 Qualifying Tournaments Announced." Press release, ACN Newswire, 30 October 2015.
AI summary The organiser announces the 'fourth' World Series championship at the Venetian Macao on 5-6 December 2015, land qualifiers in Hong Kong, Canada, Guangzhou, Japan, Australia and the Philippines, and online practice and qualifying. It describes the World Series of Mahjong Rules as a standardised tournament rule set.
Cited for: Zung Jung
544. Guide Sloper, Tom. "Weekly Mahjong, Column #376: World Series of Mahjong." Sloperama, 10 August 2008.
https://sloperama.com/mahjongg/column376h.html
AI summary A preview of the second World Series of Mahjong in Macau. It separates the event from the WMO's championships, gives the buy-in and prize, and describes Kwan's rules as based mainly on Hong Kong Old Style.
Cited for: Zung Jung
545. Official rules Kwan, Alan. "The Deeper Meaning of the Name 'Zung Jung'." Zung Jung Mahjong Scoring System official website.
https://www.zj-mahjong.info/zj_name_eng.html
AI summary The designer explains the name (Cantonese Jyutping Zung1 Jung4, the Confucian 'Middle Way') and presents the system as the mahjong that an ideal historical development from classical scoring would have produced.
Cited for: Zung Jung
546. Official rules Kwan, Alan. "Miscellaneous Rules." Zung Jung: a Perspective of Mahjong History, chapter 1, section 2 (Zung Jung v3.2). zj-mahjong.info.
https://www.zj-mahjong.info/book_en/1.1%20Misc%20Rules.html
AI summary The designer's recommended standard rules around the scoring system: winning hands, no sacred-discard rule, the deal passing after every hand, and the dead wall.
Cited for: Zung Jung
547. Guide たかみつ (HKRN Studio). 「中庸麻雀とは－－世界麻雀大会ルールの謎に迫る」. o72570.wordpress.com, 9 March 2020 (revised 22 February 2022).
https://o72570.wordpress.com/2020/03/09/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%B8%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF/
AI summary A Japanese player's introduction to 中庸麻雀得点計算法. It names the events that use it (the World Series of Mahjong in Macau, the Mahjong Masters in Sydney), gives Kwan's background following his book, and sets out the system's strengths for teaching.
Cited for: Zung Jung
548. Tournament rules Asia Pacific Mahjong (World Club Games Pty Ltd). "Mahjong Rules APM" and "Points Scoring Sheet" (2013). apmahjong.com.au.
https://apmahjong.com.au/mahjongrules.php
AI summary The rules of a Sydney club-tournament league founded in 2013. They set a 320-point limit and a payment rule of the league's own, and link a two-page scoring sheet (an image PDF) built on Zung Jung's patterns with additions such as Self Draw and All Green.
Cited for: Zung Jung
549. Law Macau. Portaria n.º 133/88/M, de 22 de Agosto, "Aprova o regulamento provisório do jogo de Mah-Jong." Boletim Oficial de Macau, n.º 34, 22 August 1988, pp. 3346-3348.
https://images.bo.dsaj.gov.mo/bo/i/88/34/pt-133-88.pdf
AI summary The first regulation of mahjong as a Macau casino game, issued at the request of the gaming concessionaire STDM and approved provisionally, to be revised within six months of the game's start. It already sets out the 136-tile set, four double rows of 17 stacks, sixteen games, the fan list, the banker's double payment, ten discarder-liability rules and a house commission from a $50/$100 stake. Published only as page images (the PDF has no text layer); the HTML address the gazette's redirect gives answers 404.
Cited for: Macau official casino mahjong
550. Law Macau. Portaria n.º 161/89/M, de 4 de Setembro. Boletim Oficial de Macau, n.º 36, 4 September 1989, p. 4937 (Chinese text p. 4938).
https://images.bo.dsaj.gov.mo/bo/i/89/36/pt-161-89.pdf
AI summary The 1989 amendment to the official mahjong rules. Its single article rewrites article 7 (Comissão da Casa) of Portaria n.º 52/89/M at the STDM's request, adding a lowest stake band of $25/$50 with a $10 commission. Published only as page images (the PDF has no text layer).
Cited for: Macau official casino mahjong
551. Law Direcção dos Serviços de Assuntos de Justiça (Macao SAR). LegisMac record: Portaria n.º 135/91/M.
https://search.bo.dsaj.gov.mo/pt-mo/legismac/type/PT/number/135/91/M
AI summary The official legislation database's record of the 1991 mahjong rules. It marks the Portaria as in force, says it revoked 52/89/M expressly and 161/89/M tacitly, and notes that under Law 16/2001 it now has the standing of an external regulatory order of the Secretary for Economy and Finance.
Cited for: Macau official casino mahjong
552. Organisation Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau (DICJ), Macao SAR. "Gaming Statistics": annual tables, 2009-2026, including "Gross revenue from different game types of games of fortune".
https://www.dicj.gov.mo/web/en/information/DadosEstat/index.html
AI summary The regulator's annual statistics, one page a year from 2009, each giving six-year runs of gross revenue by game in MOP millions, gaming tables and slot machines in total, and casinos by concessionaire. Mahjong has its own line from 2004 to the 2025 page, beside Mahjong Paikao and Makccarat (mahjong baccarat). The pages draw their tables by script from per-year XML files (DadosEstat/<year>/report_en.xml, with _cn and _pt versions).
Cited for: Macau official casino mahjong
553. Law Macau. Lei n.º 8/96/M, de 22 de Julho, "Aprova o regime de jogo ilícito." Boletim Oficial de Macau, n.º 30, 22 July 1996, p. 1288.
https://bo.dsaj.gov.mo/bo/i/96/30/lei08.asp
AI summary Macau's illegal-gambling law from 1996 until Law 20/2024 replaced it. Its chapter III makes running mahjong for profit in a shop, home or other premises a crime, and article 21 fines players found at such a game.
Cited for: Macau official casino mahjong
554. Journalism Macau Business. "Hoffman Ma: Sofitel Macau occupancy 90-plus pct for CNY." 17 February 2016.
https://macaubusiness.com/hoffman-ma-sofitel-macau-occupancy-90-plus-pct-for-cny-3/
AI summary A business news item on Success Universe Group and its Ponte 16 resort in the Inner Harbour. The closing paragraph gives the casino's tables under SJM's licence, 13 of them mahjong tables.
Cited for: Macau official casino mahjong
555. Journalism 谌旭彬 (Chen Xubin). 〈麻将自由小考〉 (A short inquiry into the freedom to play mahjong), published as 〈掼蛋被搞莫抱怨 麻将自由都一波三折〉. 新浪体育 (sports.sina.cn), 11 August 2024.
https://sports.sina.cn/others/qipai/2024-08-11/detail-incifraq0636074.d.html
AI summary A footnoted history of the People's Republic's rules on mahjong. It runs from the 1957 and 1980 bans on making and selling tiles to the internal Ministry of Public Security notice of 16 October 1985, the first sanctioned competition in 1986, the 1996 Fangshan meeting and the 1998 rules, and quotes the 1980, 1983 and 1985 notices from a 1997 compilation.
Cited for: Mainland regionals
556. Journalism 张峰 (Zhang Feng). 〈总奖金100万！喜欢打麻将的朋友看过来，首届中国麻将公开赛3月开打〉. 钱江晚报·小时新闻, 18 January 2023; republished by 极目新闻 (ctdsb.net).
https://www.ctdsb.net/c1720_202301/1638461.html
AI summary A report on the 2023 mahjong events plan announced in Hangzhou. It covers the first China Mahjong Open, with Sichuan mahjong and Guobiao as official events and Hangzhou mahjong 2v2 as a promotional one, and the grading and competition centres that MIL authorised at the Hangzhou branch of the Chinese Qiyuan in November 2022.
Cited for: Mainland regionals