Mahjong CompendiumWMPA / WMF

Proto-mahjong › Chinese classical › Japanese classical / arushiiaru › Houchi rules › Tokyo rules › Modern rules › WMPA / WMF

WMPA / WMF

Korean, riichi-based

Sources

Sources

The documents this entry rests on, as published. Each can be opened and checked; nothing in this part is anybody’s reading of them.

  1. Guide Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 2b: Identifying a Mah-Jongg Variant." Sloperama. canonical checked 2026-09-18

    https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq02b.html

    chart’s note Tile counts, hand sizes, flower handling and scoring for roughly 50 named variants. Primary source for most leaf nodes in this chart.

    for this variant This is the 2026-09-18 reading of the chart's canonical source, so it is not independent of the chart. Its tile, scoring and payout data are borne out by the WMPA's own pages of 2001. Its 'Japanese Modern' means the riichi/dora game in general and does not point to the 1967 Modern rules

    Also cited on: Chinese archaic, Late Qing style, Chinese pre-classical, Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Hong Kong old style and 45 more · bibliography #1

  2. Official rules World Mahjong Players Association (WMPA). "Hands of Mahjong." wmpa.net, 2001. cross-check checked 2026-10-08

    https://web.archive.org/web/20010222004601/http://wmpa.net:80/mahjang/mj_rule.asp

    AI summary The WMPA rule's 44 hands and their faan values, from Clean, Selfdraw and Reach at 1 faan to Full Winds and Nine Treasure Lamps at 20. The link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 22 February 2001.

    for this variant Confirms that riichi is a hand in the rule and that the hand list is largely Japanese, which is what 'riichi-based' can rest on. None of the features of the 1967 Modern rules node (ura dora, oka, bazoro) can be seen

    Only cited here · bibliography #312

  3. Official rules World Mahjong Players Association (WMPA). "Point Payment Method." wmpa.net, 2001. cross-check checked 2026-10-08

    https://web.archive.org/web/20010222005128/http://wmpa.net:80/mahjang/mj_pointpay.asp

    AI summary Scoring and settlement under the WMPA rule. A portion is the hand's faan squared, up to 20 faan or 400 points. A self-drawn win takes a portion from each other player, and a win on a discard takes three portions from the discarder. The link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 22 February 2001.

    for this variant Independent confirmation, from the body itself, of the squared-faan scoring and winner-only payment that Sloperama records. The scoring is not Japanese: there is no fu or base-point count

    Only cited here · bibliography #313

  4. Official rules World Mahjong Players Association (WMPA). "Composition of Tiles." wmpa.net, 2001. cross-check checked 2026-10-08

    https://web.archive.org/web/20010222005851/http://wmpa.net:80/mahjang/mj_composition.asp

    AI summary A table of the 136 tiles the WMPA rule uses: three numbered suits (bars, wons, dots), four winds and three dragons, four of each, with no flowers. The link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 22 February 2001.

    for this variant Confirms Sloperama's 136 tiles and the absence of flowers from the body's own page

    Only cited here · bibliography #314

  5. Official rules World Mahjong Players Association 세계마장협회. 「점수계산방법」 (Point payment method, Korean version). wmpa.net, 2001. cross-check checked 2026-10-08

    https://web.archive.org/web/20010502122124/http://www.wmpa.net:80/kor/mahjang/mj_pointpay.asp

    AI summary The Korean version of the payment page. It adds that the smallest win is 27 points (9 × 3) and the largest is 1,200 (400 × 3). The link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 2 May 2001.

    for this variant The only statement read that points to a minimum hand value; the English page and Sloperama say nothing on it

    Only cited here · bibliography #316

  6. Official rules World Mahjong Federation (WMF). "WMFR scoring." wmfed.com. cross-check checked 2026-10-08

    https://web.archive.org/web/20170824101134/http://www.wmfed.com:80/mahjang/WMFR/mj_scoring.asp?page=scoring

    AI summary The federation's rules (WMFR) as captured in 2017. They keep the 2001 WMPA scoring (faan squared, up to 20 faan) and add settlement for two-player games and for games with computer players. wmfed.com is now a parked domain; the link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 24 August 2017.

    for this variant Shows the WMPA rule carried on under the World Mahjong Federation's name until at least 2017, which is the link the chart's 'WMPA / WMF' label makes. Independent of the chart

    Only cited here · bibliography #317

  7. Guide Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 3: Books About Mah-Jongg." cross-check checked 2026-10-08

    https://sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq03.html

    chart’s note Identifies Perlmen & Chan in full and lists the other Hong Kong Old Style books: Constantino, Li, Tsui, Lo.

    for this variant Same author as the canonical source, so not independent of the chart; useful for the book's details. Its publisher, Maekyung, differs from the World Mahjong Federation named by Aladin and Open Library

    Also cited on: Sichuan 72-tile game, Western / British Empire style, Wright-Patterson, AMJA card · bibliography #34

  8. Guide Sloper, Tom. "The Mah-Jongg Family Tree." Sloperama. cross-check checked 2026-10-08

    https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/tree.htm

    chart’s note Illustrated tree; source for the Matiao / Khanhoo / dominoes root structure.

    for this variant Sloper again, so not independent of the chart. It shows he derived WMPA from the riichi/dora game in general, with no 1967 rules between

    Also cited on: Proto-mahjong, Chinese archaic · bibliography #2

  9. Organisation World Mahjong Players Association (WMPA). "About WMPA: Introduction." wmpa.net, 2001. cross-check checked 2026-10-08

    https://web.archive.org/web/20010222010125/http://wmpa.net:80/intro/mj_introduction.asp

    AI summary The association's own account of itself: players from Japan, Korea and Hong Kong met from April 1999, agreed a unified rule and formed the non-profit WMPA, with its address in Seoul. The site is gone and the domain has since been reused; the link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 22 February 2001.

    for this variant The body's own account, independent of the chart. It confirms an association seated in Seoul but describes its rule as a synthesis of Japanese, Korean and Hong Kong rules, not as a Korean form of riichi

    Only cited here · bibliography #309

  10. Organisation World Mahjong Players Association (WMPA). "The World Mahjong Players Association Statutes." wmpa.net, 2001. cross-check checked 2026-10-08

    https://web.archive.org/web/20010222203711/http://wmpa.net:80/intro/mj_statutes.asp

    AI summary Statutes approved by the 1999 WMPA Congress and in force from 1 January 2001. They make the WMPA an association under the Swiss Civil Code, make the unified Rules of the Game part of the statutes, and admit full members by an online examination. The link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 22 February 2001.

    for this variant Dates the body to 1999 and shows the unified rule was its constitutional business. It says nothing about what the rule contains

    Only cited here · bibliography #310

  11. Organisation World Mahjong Players Association (WMPA). "About WMPA: Executives." wmpa.net, 2001. cross-check checked 2026-10-08

    https://web.archive.org/web/20010222203748/http://wmpa.net:80/intro/mj_executives.asp

    AI summary The executive board in 2001: co-presidents Ide Yosuke of Tokyo and Kim Tai-Up of Seoul, vice-president Song Suk-Woong, and directors Alan Kwan of Hong Kong and Martin Rep of the Netherlands, each with a short biography. The link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 22 February 2001.

    for this variant Shows the body was led jointly by a Korean and a leading Japanese professional, which fits Sloperama's 'based on Japanese Modern'. Kim Tai-Up shares a surname with the 'Kingstone Kim' of the 2007 book, but no source read says they are the same person

    Only cited here · bibliography #311

  12. Organisation World Mahjong Players Association 세계마장협회. 「About WMPA - Introduction」 (Korean version). wmpa.net, 2001. cross-check checked 2026-10-08

    https://web.archive.org/web/20010501042311/http://www.wmpa.net:80/kor/intro/mj_introduction.asp

    AI summary The Korean version of the introduction. It gives the body's Korean name, 세계마장협회, writes mahjong as 마장, and credits the game's invention to Confucius. The link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 1 May 2001.

    for this variant Gives the Korean name, which the Korean channels need. The body wrote 마장, not the usual 마작

    Only cited here · bibliography #315

  13. Official rules Kim Tai-Up 金太業 (김태업). 『(정통 마작의 바이블) 世界麻將』 (World mahjong: the bible of orthodox mahjong). Seoul: 중앙M&B, 2002. 234 pp. cross-check checked 2026-10-08

    https://www.nl.go.kr/NL/search/nl_toc.ajax?viewKey=25998274&viewType=AH1&pageType=D

    AI summary A Korean book by the WMPA's co-president that sets out the WMPA rule: play, scoring, penalties, the 44 hands with their Hanja names, and strategy. The National Library of Korea's digital copy can be read only at the library and its partner libraries; its contents list is public.

    for this variant Contents list only. The hand list matches the WMPA site's, and several Hanja names are the Japanese riichi terms (立直, 一盃口, 平和, 嶺上開花), which supports 'riichi-based'. The author's name and birth year match the WMPA's co-president Kim Tai-Up

    Only cited here · bibliography #318

  14. Commercial Aladin 알라딘. "World Mahjong (Paperback) - Essence," by Kingstone Kim. Product listing. cross-check checked 2026-10-08

    https://www.aladin.co.kr/shop/wproduct.aspx?ItemId=1684547

    AI summary A Korean bookseller's listing of the federation's English-language book: World Mahjong Federation, 30 November 2007, 231 pages, ISBN 9788974424404, sold as an imported book. A catalogue entry only, with no contents.

    for this variant Confirms that the book Sloperama names exists and that the federation published it in English, but gives no contents. Its publisher differs from Sloperama's Maekyung Publishing

    Only cited here · bibliography #319

  15. Journalism 전자신문 (Electronic Times). 「성인용 온라인게임 개발 활기」 (Adult online games in active development). 4 June 2001. cross-check checked 2026-10-08

    https://m.etnews.com/200106010118

    AI summary A Korean trade-press report on gambling-themed online games. It describes Kim Tai-Up's company TankSoft and its AI mahjong game MahKing, served from www.wmpa.net.

    for this variant Independent press confirmation that the WMPA's site was run by Kim Tai-Up's company in Seoul and was also the home of a commercial game. It says nothing about the rules

    Only cited here · bibliography #320

  16. Guide Yuria (Hassouhatsu Club). "A Brief History of Japanese Mahjong." Krakow Chombo Club, 2 Aug 2026. supporting

    https://chombo.club/en/blog/2026/08/02/a-brief-history-of-japanese-mahjong/

    chart’s note Arushiiaru rules and scoring; Amano Daizou; the Houchi Shinbun serial of 11 Nov - 5 Dec 1952; the 1957 Tokyo rules and 1967 modern rules; bazoro; the Federation's 2016 acceptance of riichi.

    Also cited on: Japanese classical / arushiiaru, Houchi rules, Tokyo rules, Modern rules, Modern riichi / yonma · bibliography #10

AI-generated

Analysis

Written by an AI model from the sources above. It is a reading of them, not a source in its own right: every figure in it points back to a numbered source, and where the two disagree, the source is right.

Assessment

Confidence
catalogued listed in a variant catalogue with tile counts and hand sizes, but no rules text verified
Evidence
partial sources agree on some points but disagree or say nothing on others

Cross-comparison

What each source was read to say, set side by side. The numbers are the sources above.

SourceTilesHandFlowersScoringPayout
[1]13613, out on 14nonedetermine the total faan of the winning hand, then square it to arrive at the portionwinner only
[1]13613, out on 14none, and no jokerstotal faan of the winning hand, squared to give the portionwinner only
[2]———44 hands valued in faan: 1 for Clean, Selfdraw, Reach, winds, dragons, All Middles, One Twin and All Chees, up to 20 for Full Winds and Nine Treasure Lamps—
[3]———a portion is the total faan of the winning hand squared; faan cannot exceed 20, so a portion is at most 400 pointswinner only: a self-drawn win takes one portion from each other player, and a win on a discard or a robbed kong takes three portions from the discarder or the robbed player
[4]136: bars, wons and dots 1 to 9, four winds and three dragons, four of each—none listed——
[5]———the winning hand's total han squared is one portion, at most 400; the smallest win is 27 points (9 × 3) and the largest 1,200 (400 × 3)self-draw win: one portion from each of the other three; response win: three portions from the discarder or the player who made the small kong
[6]———faan squared to a portion, capped at 20 faan or 400 points, as in 2001self-draw: a portion from each other player; discard or robbed kong: three portions from the discarder; in two-player Duo games, three portions from the opponent
  • [1] Sloperama states WMPA is Korean and BASED ON JAPANESE MODERN, which matches the chart's placement under Modern rules. Book: WORLD MAHJONG Essence, by Kingstone Kim
  • [1] Re-read 2026-10-08. The entry is headed WMPA/WMF and calls the World Mahjong Players Association also Korean and based on Japanese Modern. The same page's entry for Japanese Modern is headed RIICHI / DORA, so the phrase means today's riichi game in general, not Amano's 1967 modern rules. The book named is WORLD MAHJONG Essence by Kingstone Kim, with a pointer to FAQ 3. The revision log dates the WMPA entry to 19 February 2001
  • [7] The books list gives WORLD MAHJONG: ESSENCE by Kingstone Kim, Maekyung Publishing, 2007, ISBN 978-89-7442-440-4. It says the book discusses World Mahjong Federation rules and includes information on demographics and apocryphal history
  • [8] The key glosses WMPA as the World Mahjong Players Association, Korea, linking www.wmpa.net, and RIICHI/DORA as the way the game is played in Japan today. In the drawing (© 2002, 2006), WMPA and KOREAN branch off the RIICHI/DORA limb, which grows from JAPANESE CLASSICAL
  • [9] The association says mahjong players from Japan, Korea and Hong Kong met from April 1999, compared local rules and agreed a unified rule meant to be simpler and more scientific. They then formed the non-profit WMPA to promote 'a Renaissance of Mahjong'. Its plans were to publish the unified rule and a newsletter, hold world tournaments and approve mahjong books and games. It likens its aim to China's 1998 national rule, and gives a physical address in Songpa-gu, Seoul
  • [10] The statutes were approved by the 1999 WMPA Congress and apply from 1 January 2001. The WMPA is an association under Article 60 ff of the Swiss Civil Code, and Congress sets the seat of its headquarters. One objective is to provide and maintain unified Rules of the Game, which form part of the statutes. Full membership requires passing a qualifying examination on wmpa.net
  • [11] Two co-presidents. Ide Yosuke was born in Tokyo in 1956 and chairs the Japan Health Mahjong Association and Mahjong Union. Kim Tai-Up was born in Pusan in 1950, holds an MIT PhD, developed the computer mahjong game MahKing and is CEO of TankSoft in Seoul. The vice-president is Song Suk-Woong, and the directors are Alan Kwan of Hong Kong, a rec.games.mahjong poster, and Martin Rep of the Netherlands, who ran mahjongnews.com
  • [2] Most of the hands are the Japanese yaku under English names: Reach and Early Reach, Seven Eyes, Picking up Supplement, Pong on Last and Picking up Last, Three Sisters, Sequence of Nine, Thirteen Honors. Some are Chinese, such as Five Gates and All Melded. No dora, fu or ura dora appears in the list
  • [3] The page calls this simple method one of the kernels of the WMPA rule, set against the tens of Japanese books on calculating points
  • [4] Set out as a table by pattern and by usage (middles, edges, letters), totalling 34 kinds and 136 tiles
  • [12] The Korean introduction names the body 세계마장협회 and writes mahjong as 마장 throughout. It repeats that Japanese, Korean and Hong Kong players met from April 1999 to compare their countries' rules and enact a unified rule (통일규칙). Unlike the English page, it opens by crediting the game's invention to Confucius around 500 BC
  • [5] The Korean page adds a figure the English page omits: the smallest winning score is 9 × 3 = 27 points, which implies a hand needs 3 faan to win
  • [6] The page names the rules WMFR and calls the squaring method one of the kernels of the World Mahjong Federation's rule, in wording almost the same as the WMPA's 2001 page. It adds settlement for games with one or two computer players, who neither pay nor collect
  • [13] Contents list. It covers what mahjong is, its history, the world's mahjong population, the tiles, and play: winds, dealer repeats, self-draw and response actions, priority, time limits, scoring, penalties and disqualification. Then come the 44 hands from Clean (門前淸) and Reach (立直) to Nine Treasure Lamps (九蓮寶燈), each with a Hanja name, and a long section on decision-making. The catalogue gives the author as 金太業 (김태업, born 1950) and 234 pages
  • [14] Listed as an imported foreign book: World Mahjong (Paperback) - Essence, by Kingstone Kim. The publisher is World Mahjong Federation, 30 November 2007, 231 pages, 146 × 210 mm, in English, ISBN 9788974424404
  • [15] A report of 4 June 2001 on gambling-themed online games. It says TankSoft, headed by Kim Tai-Up (김태업), had developed and was running MahKing (마킹), an AI online mahjong game at www.wmpa.net. The game had modes for online play, for mahjong combined with pachinko and for a skill test. Through a partner it was served to about ten Korean luxury hotels, and the company was preparing to enter Japan

Reading it

The WMPA's own site, read through the Wayback Machine, settles what the label names. The World Mahjong Players Association was formed by players from Japan, Korea and Hong Kong who met from April 1999, with statutes from its 1999 Congress, a Seoul address, and co-presidents Ide Yosuke and Kim Tai-Up (김태업, born 1950). By 2008 the site carried the World Mahjong Federation's name, and wmfed.com still published the federation's WMFR rules in 2017; the domain is now parked. These pages bear out Sloperama on the defining facts: 136 tiles without flowers, the hand's faan squared into a "portion" capped at 20 faan, and only the winner paid. They also show how far "riichi-based" goes. Reach and most of the 44 hands are Japanese yaku, and Kim's 2002 Korean book gives many of them their Japanese Hanja names. But the rule calls itself a synthesis of three countries' rules, has no fu, and shows no dora, oka or bazoro. Those are the features of the 1967 Modern rules node the chart hangs it from. Sloperama's "Japanese Modern" is its name for riichi/dora in general. The verdict is therefore partial: the Korean seat and the riichi content are corroborated, the parent is not. Still wanted: the 2002 and 2007 books, and whether "Kingstone Kim" is Kim Tai-Up.

Looked for, not found

  • Tournament rules The WMPA planned world tournaments, and its site has 2003 event pages in four languages (event_eng.htm, captured 11 April 2003), which were not read. No tournament's own rules were found
  • Law No law names the WMPA or its rules. Korean statutes were not searched for a players' association's rules (see law-ko)
  • Rulebook Web, National Library of Korea and bookshop searches found no rulebook on the WMPA or WMF rules by anyone outside the body. The two books found are by the federation or its co-president and are filed as official rules
  • Historical The body dates only from 1999. Nothing on its rules was found beyond its own pages and one 2001 news report, both filed under their own kinds
  • Scholarship RISS gave an empty reply and KCI's search would not take the query (2026-10-08). No scholarly work on the WMPA came up in web searches
  • Encyclopedia There is no Wikidata item for the WMPA or WMF, and English and Japanese Wikipedia searches found no article (Korean Wikipedia answered 429). Namu Wiki refuses automated readers and was not tried
  • Forum Not searched. Reddit and BoardGameGeek refuse automated readers, and the rec.games.mahjong archive, where WMPA director Alan Kwan posted, is left as a lead for the next pass
  • Collection No museum or archive record of WMPA material was found. The National Library of Korea's record of the 2002 book is used under official-rules

Known, not yet read

Sources that look worth having but could not be read for this entry. If you can reach one, it can be read and added. Every variant’s list is gathered on Missing sources.

  • Official rules Kingstone Kim, World Mahjong: Essence. World Mahjong Federation, 2007 (Sloperama gives Maekyung Publishing). 231 pp., in English. ISBN 978-89-7442-440-4; OCLC 172979207 — The federation's own book on its rules and the source Sloperama cites for the node. It may also say who Kingstone Kim is and how the WMPA became the WMF
    Where: Libraries holding OCLC 172979207; Aladin and Yes24 list it as an imported book. Tried: No hit for the ISBN in the National Library of Korea or Kyobo (2026-10-08). The Google Books API answered 429. Aladin's listing (read) has no contents or preview
  • Official rules Kim Tai-Up 金太業, 『(정통 마작의 바이블) 世界麻將』. Seoul: 중앙M&B, 2002. 234 pp. ISBN 8983758015 — The WMPA rule set out in Korean by its co-president, with chapters on scoring, penalties and each hand
    Where: The National Library of Korea's digital copy, call number 691.4-3-1: https://www.nl.go.kr/NL/contents/search.do?srchTarget=total&kwd=8983758015. Tried: Contents list read 2026-10-08. The full text can be read only at the National Library of Korea and its partner libraries

Where it was searched

Every place the search checklist names for this variant’s languages, and what each gave, including nothing. The last full pass was on 2026-10-08.

Names searched: English WMPA rules, World Mahjong Players Association, WMF rules, WMFR, World Mahjong Federation, World Mahjong; Korean 세계마장협회, 세계마장, 世界麻將.

20 places searched
  • General web search — 2026-10-08, standard mode. English: "World Mahjong Players Association" Korea; "Kingstone Kim" mahjong; "World Mahjong" "Essence" Kim 매경출판; "World Mahjong Federation" Kim Korea; "WMPA" mahjong Korea "World Mahjong"; "World Mahjong Federation" with Tai-Up, Kingstone or wmfed. Korean: 세계마작연맹; 김태업 마작 세계마작; wmfed.com 마작 김태업 탱크소프트; 탱크소프트 마킹 마작 세계마장협회 김태업; and one extended query, 세계마장협회 WMPA 마장. Results: the ETNews 2001 article (read) and Sloperama's tree (read). AcronymFinder has an entry 'World Mahjong Players Association (est. 2001; now World Mahjong Federation)', which is a lead and was not read. Most results were about the World Mahjong Organization (MCR, Beijing) and the Mahjong International League, which are different bodies. One search summary offered the WMO as 'the closest match' to the World Mahjong Federation; nothing read confuses them. Japanese was not added to names: the WMPA had Japanese-language pages and a Japanese co-president, but NDL Search found nothing for WMPA, 'World Mahjong Players Association', 世界麻雀選手 or 世界麻雀協会
  • Wikidata — wbsearchentities for 'World Mahjong Players Association' found no item (2026-10-08)
  • Wikipedia, in every declared language — English Wikipedia searches for "World Mahjong Players Association", "wmpa.net", "World Mahjong Federation" and "Kingstone Kim" found no article, and neither did Japanese Wikipedia for the WMPA (2026-10-08). Korean Wikipedia answered 429 three times. The web search offered articles on the World Mahjong Organization and the Mahjong International League, which are about other bodies
  • The sources' own references, and who cites them — Backward, one round. Sloperama FAQ 2b points to FAQ 3 (read: the 2007 book's details) and to the family tree (read), whose key links www.wmpa.net (read through the Wayback Machine). The chart's second reference for the node, the Chombo Club history, was read on 2026-10-08: it says nothing of Korea or the WMPA and bears only on the 1967 parent. Leads for a second round, unread: Alan Kwan (a WMPA director) on how his Zung Jung relates to the WMPA rule; Martin Rep's mahjongnews.com (dead); any account of the WMPA in Ide Yosuke's Japanese books; the AcronymFinder entry above. Forward citation was not searched
  • Internet Archive full-text search — Not searched: the body and its books date from 1999 to 2007, and none of it is in digitised print
  • Wayback Machine — CDX listings of wmpa.net and wmfed.com, 2026-10-08. wmpa.net has captures from 2001 to 2004 of an English root with Korean (kor/), Japanese (jap/) and Chinese (cha/) sections. From late 2001 the domain redirected, and by May 2008 its home page was titled 'Welcome to WMF' and framed www.wmfed.com; the domain was later reused by a Chinese site (about 2015 to 2018) and a Turkish news site (2022 to 2023). wmfed.com has captures from 2007 to 2025, with WMFR and GCMR rules sections in 2017; the live domain is a parked page. Read: the 2001 English introduction, statutes, executives, hands, point payment and tiles pages, the Korean introduction and payment pages, and the 2017 WMFR scoring and hands pages. The 2017 hands list keeps the 2001 hands except All Melded and Linked to Five, and renames Pong on Last as Response on Last. Readable but unread: the cha/ and jap/ sections, the per-hand pages mj_rule01 to mj_rule44 (2002 to 2004), the 2003 event pages in four languages (event_eng.htm), mj_faq, the 2017 GCMR section and introduce_fwc/introduce_imm. web.archive.org reset several connections; retries succeeded
  • Google Books — The Books API answered 429 (daily quota 0) for isbn:9788974424404 on 2026-10-08
  • HathiTrust full-text search — Not searched: Cloudflare challenges automated readers, and the two books are recent Korean publications
  • WorldCat — Not searched directly. Open Library's edition record (JSON API, read 2026-10-08) gives OCLC 172979207 for World Mahjong: Essence: World Mahjong Federation, 15 November 2007, 231 pp., English, ISBN-10 8974424401. The National Library of Korea's catalogue has no record for that ISBN, nor for 월드마작, 월드 마작 or 마작 에센스. It does hold Kim Tai-Up's 2002 世界麻將 (ISBN 8983758015, call number 691.4-3-1), found by searching 세계마작; its contents list was read
  • Scholarly indexes — Not searched: OpenAlex answers 429 without a key, and the web searches turned up no scholarly work on the WMPA
  • YouTube — Not searched: no source read names a video by or about the WMPA or WMF
  • English-language forums — Not searched: Reddit and BoardGameGeek refuse automated readers. Discussion from 1999 to 2001 would be on rec.games.mahjong, where WMPA director Alan Kwan posted; its archive is a lead for the next pass
  • Mahjong reference sites — Sloperama FAQ 2b, FAQ 3 and the family tree were read on 2026-10-08. The Mahjong Wiki was not searched for the WMPA in this pass
  • App and platform listings — Not searched: the body's game MahKing was a 2001 Windows download (mkOnline.exe on wmpa.net), not an app-store listing, and wmfed.com is parked
  • English-language newspaper archives — Not searched: the web search turned up no English-language press on the WMPA, and the listed archives either predate it or refuse automated readers
  • Statutes published in English — Not applicable: the body was seated in Seoul
  • Korean web — Naver and Daum have no open API, so the general tool's Korean queries stood in (see web-search, 2026-10-08). Only the ETNews 2001 article (read) concerned the body; no Korean page on 세계마장협회 or the federation turned up, and the federation's Korean name was not found. Bookshops: Aladin (read) and Yes24 list the 2007 book as an import, and Kyobo had nothing for its ISBN. Namu Wiki was not tried because it refuses automated readers
  • Korean scholarship — RISS gave an empty reply, and KCI's search page returned an empty query when sent a GET request (2026-10-08). Nothing found
  • Korean newspaper archives — Naver News Library (to 1999) was not searched: the body was formed in 1999, and its active years fall after the archive ends. The National Library of Korea's integrated search for 세계마작 returned colonial-era newspaper items unrelated to this node (the 1924 京城日報 series 『麻雀』の遊び方 and a 1924 每日申報 item). The ETNews (전자신문) report of 4 June 2001 was read on ETNews's own site
  • Korean statutes — Not searched: no source read ties the WMPA or WMF rules to a statute, and no law regulates a players' association's rules as such

In the tree

Descends from Modern rules, as the source chart draws it.

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