Mahjong CompendiumBabcock rules

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Babcock rules

1920, the little red book

Sources

Sources

The documents this entry rests on, as published. Each can be opened and checked; nothing in this part is anybody’s reading of them.

  1. Guide Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 2b: Identifying a Mah-Jongg Variant." Sloperama. canonical checked 2026-09-18

    https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq02b.html

    chart’s note Tile counts, hand sizes, flower handling and scoring for roughly 50 named variants. Primary source for most leaf nodes in this chart.

    for this variant The chart's canonical source. Its tile, hand, base-score and payment entries match Babcock's 1923 second edition; its statements that kongs were not used and that there are no special hands do not, and the second contradicts its own 'few special hands'

    Also cited on: Chinese archaic, Late Qing style, Chinese pre-classical, Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Hong Kong old style and 45 more · bibliography #1

  2. Official rules Babcock, J. P. Babcock's Rules for Mah-Jongg: The Red Book of Rules. Second edition, revised and enlarged. San Francisco: Mah-Jongg Sales Company of America; Shanghai: Mah-Jongg Company of China, 1923 (eleventh printing, November 1923). Internet Archive scan. cross-check checked 2026-10-09

    https://archive.org/details/babcock_202209

    AI summary The designer's own rules in the enlarged second edition: the 136-tile set, play, irregularities, the standard score sheet, scoring examples, optional limit hands, the Chinese game, variations for two, three and five players, the Seasons, and a historical note. Its printing history runs from a first printing of September 1920. Read in the Internet Archive's OCR text.

    for this variant The fullest text of the Babcock rules that can be read, but the 1923 second edition, not the 1920 booklet. It scores kongs and has limit hands, against the chart's source; its printing history and preface date the first edition to 1920

    Also cited on: Chinese classical, Regional US house rules · bibliography #365

  3. Historical Foster, R. F. Foster on Mah Jong. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1924. cross-check checked 2026-10-09

    https://archive.org/details/bwb_Y0-ACE-714

    AI summary Foster's first book on the game, published and reprinted in February 1924: play, scoring, the Seasons, the Chinese and American games, the one-double and cleared-suit fashions he opposed, and his laws. Read in the Internet Archive's scan.

    for this variant Independent of the chart and written in 1924: confirms September 1920 and a first edition published in the United States, and says it kept the game's framework while cutting most limit hands, which tells against the chart's source on special hands. It does not say whether the 1920 booklet scored kongs

    Also cited on: Chinese classical, Twenty Point Mah Jong, Regional US house rules · bibliography #321

  4. Journalism Babcock, J. P. 'Mah Jongg. No. 1: Learning the Set.' NEA Service. The Washington Daily News (Washington, D.C.), 13 December 1923, p. 13. Chronicling America. cross-check checked 2026-10-09

    https://tile.loc.gov/text-services/word-coordinates-service?segment=/service/ndnp/dlc/batch_dlc_fink_ver02/data/sn82016181/00529045645/1923121302/0479.xml&format=alto_xml&full_text=1

    AI summary The first of a 12-article syndicated series by Babcock, billed as author of Babcock's Red Book of Rules, describing the tiles, the extra white tiles, the dice and the counters. Read in the Library of Congress OCR text.

    for this variant Period press written by Babcock: shows the Red Book of Rules name in use in December 1923. Its 144 tiles does not square with the suits and honours it lists, which make 136

    Only cited here · bibliography #372

  5. Guide The Charleston Club. "The History of American Mah Jongg." supporting checked 2026-09-18

    https://thecharlestonclubaz.com/blogs/the-journal/the-history-of-american-mah-jongg-from-1920s-import-to-a-century-old-american-tradition

    chart’s note Babcock's 1920 translation and the Parker Brothers / Milton Bradley licensing.

    for this variant The chart's own source, a retailer's blog without citations. Right on 1920; its 1921 import date and Milton Bradley licence are unsupported, and only a Parker Brothers edition (1923) is confirmed by the copyright record

    Also cited on: NMJL card · bibliography #16

  6. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "Joseph Park Babcock." cross-check checked 2026-09-18

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Park_Babcock

    AI summary Biography of the populariser: 1893 to 1949, his 1920 Rules of Mah-Jongg known as the red book, and his membership of the committee that published a standardised American rule set.

    for this variant A stub resting on a 2012 antiques column. Its 1920 date agrees with the copyright record and Foster; its 1912 Suzhou date and the title 'Rules of Mah-Jongg' do not match the records read

    Also cited on: Regional US house rules · bibliography #65

  7. Collection Library of Congress, Copyright Office. Catalog of Copyright Entries, 1920, Part 1, Group 2: Pamphlets, Leaflets, Dramas, Maps, etc. New Series, vol. 17. Washington, 1920. cross-check checked 2026-10-09

    https://archive.org/details/catalogofco171libr

    AI summary The register of pamphlets copyrighted in the United States in 1920. Entry 29830 records J. P. Babcock's 12-page Rules for Mah-Jongg, copyright 1 November 1920. Read in the Internet Archive's scan.

    for this variant Independent of the chart and the firmest date: a 12-page Rules for Mah-Jongg copyrighted by Babcock on 1 November 1920. The entry gives the claimant's address as Scranton, Pennsylvania, and names no Shanghai imprint

    Only cited here · bibliography #366

  8. Collection Library of Congress, Copyright Office. Catalog of Copyright Entries, 1923, Part 1, Group 1: Books. New Series, vol. 20. Washington, 1923. cross-check checked 2026-10-09

    https://archive.org/details/catalogofcopy201libr

    AI summary The register of books copyrighted in the United States in 1923. Entry 3507 records the second edition of Babcock's Rules for Mah-Jongg, the Red Book of Rules (117 p.), copyright 30 April 1923 by the Mah-Jongg Sales Company of America. Read in the Internet Archive's scan.

    for this variant Independent of the chart: dates the enlarged second edition, the one titled the Red Book of Rules, to spring 1923 and names its publisher

    Only cited here · bibliography #367

  9. Collection Library of Congress, Copyright Office. Catalog of Copyright Entries, 1923, Part 1, Group 2: Pamphlets, Leaflets, Dramas, Maps, etc. New Series, vol. 20. Washington, 1923. cross-check checked 2026-10-09

    https://archive.org/details/catalogofcop201libr

    AI summary The register of pamphlets copyrighted in the United States in 1923. Entry 42105 records Babcock's 12-page Game of Mah-Jongg (cover title: Rules for playing the genuine Chinese game, mah-jongg), copyright 15 August 1923 by Parker Brothers, Salem, Mass. Read in the Internet Archive's scan.

    for this variant Confirms a Parker Brothers edition of Babcock's rules in 1923, the licensing the chart's Charleston Club source mentions; nothing here on Milton Bradley

    Only cited here · bibliography #368

  10. Scholarship Stanwick, Michael. 'J. P. Babcock, A. R. Hager, A. N. Lethin and the Mah-Jongg/Mah-Jong Company of China et al.' themahjongtileset.co.uk, c. 2014-2017. cross-check checked 2026-10-09

    https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/bringing-mahjong-to-the-west-the-inception-of-the-mah-jongg-companies-of-china-americas-and-the-continent/

    AI summary A documented history of the Mah-Jongg Company of China, the Mah-Jongg Sales Company of America and their founders, from passenger lists, consular registrations, letters, trademarks and patents: Babcock's travels, the Catalina summer of 1920, the first booklet of September 1920 and the second edition of 1923.

    for this variant Independent scholarship from passenger lists, letters and trademark records. It supports September 1920 for the first booklet and the red-book name, and places the printing of the 1923 second edition in the United States

    Only cited here · bibliography #369

  11. Collection The Mahjong Tile Set. 'Literature Gallery 2.0.' themahjongtileset.co.uk. cross-check checked 2026-10-09

    https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/literature/literature-gallery-2-0/

    AI summary A collector's captioned photographs of early 1920s books and articles on the game, beginning with a bibliography of Babcock's 'Little Red Book' and photographs of its first edition, a small hardcover version, his Saturday Evening Post statement of December 1923 and his 1925 patent.

    for this variant A collector's captions, not a catalogue record. They give the little red book name to the 1920 first edition and record its shorter title

    Only cited here · bibliography #370

  12. Guide Sloper, Tom. 'The CC Theory': Babcock's 'Little Red Book'. Sloperama. cross-check checked 2026-10-09

    https://sloperama.com/cctheory/babcock.html

    AI summary Photographs of a softcover first edition of 1920 and a hardcover twelfth printing of January 1924 of Babcock's rules, with transcriptions of the second edition's preface, part of its Chinese game chapter and its historical chapter.

    for this variant Same author as the chart's canonical source, so not independent. It applies the Little Red Book name to the 1920 softcover and shows a 1924 hardcover reprint

    Only cited here · bibliography #371

  13. Guide MahjongCompare. "Mahjong History and Origin." supporting checked 2026-10-09

    https://mahjongcompare.com/history

    chart’s note NMJL founders (Cecil, Meyerson, Jacobs, Potter), the 1937 Essex House meeting, and jokers entering the official rules in 1961.

    for this variant The chart's own source, uncited. Its 1920 Abercrombie and Fitch sale is contradicted by Foster (imports from 1922) and by the earliest Chronicling America hits, Abercrombie and Fitch advertisements of April 1922

    Also cited on: Regional US house rules, NMJL card, American mah jongg · bibliography #14

  14. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. "American Mahjong." supporting

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_mahjong

    chart’s note Racks, jokers, the Charleston, and the NMJL / AMJA annual card.

    Also cited on: Regional US house rules, NMJL card, American mah jongg, AMJA card · bibliography #13

AI-generated

Analysis

Written by an AI model from the sources above. It is a reading of them, not a source in its own right: every figure in it points back to a numbered source, and where the two disagree, the source is right.

Assessment

Confidence
documented a published ruleset or rule description exists and is cited
Evidence
partial sources agree on some points but disagree or say nothing on others

Cross-comparison

What each source was read to say, set side by side. The numbers are the sources above.

SourceTilesHandFlowersScoringPayout
[1]136 or 14413, out on 14if used, melded instantly upon receipt20 for Out, then points for pungs and pairs, then double; kongs and flowers not used in Babcock's original simplified systemall players earn points
[1]136 or 14413, out on 14If used, melded instantly upon receipt; also said not to be used in the original system20 for Out, then pongs and pairs, then double; kongs said not to be usedAll players earn points, not only the winner
[2]136: three suits of one to nine (108) and four Winds and three Dragons (28); eight Seasons usually come with the set but are not recommended for play; spare blank White tiles are set aside13 tiles, going out on 14, with one more for each declared four of a kind; four sets of three or four and a pair; only the next player may chowOptional, in the chapter on the Goofs or Seasons: declared at once and replaced by a loose tile, 4 points each, one double for a player's own Season, two for both, three for a full series of four20 for Mah-Jongg; pungs 2 to 8 by kind and concealment, kongs four times a pung (8 to 32), 2 for a pair of Dragons or own Wind, runs nothing; bonuses of 2 and 10; doubles for pungs of own Wind or Dragons and for one-suit and all-honour hands; a 300-point limit, with the Hand from Heaven, the Hand from Earth and the Lucky Thirteen as limit hands and further limit hands under Optional ScoresEvery hand scores: the three losers each pay the winner his full score, then settle the differences among themselves; East pays and receives double
[3]———Most of the fifteen Chinese limit hands and most doubles cut; a clear-suit double allowed to any player, winner or not; 10 points instead of a double for an all-count hand; three doubles for a bouquet of four Flowers or Seasons; the 1923 edition adds a double for all Winds and Dragons—
[4]OCR reads 144 tiles with a variation using seasons and flowers; it lists three suits of 36 and four Winds and three Dragons of four tiles each, which make 136, plus four extra white tiles————
  • [1] fewer special hands than Chinese Classical; Babcock's opening line describes a set of 136 pieces
  • [5] Babcock's 1920 translation, and the Parker Brothers / Milton Bradley licensing
  • [6] Joseph Park Babcock, 1893 to 1949, born in Lafayette, Indiana. His Rules of Mah-Jongg, the red book, appeared in 1920 and was the English-language rule book; a second edition followed in 1923. He was also a member of the committee that published a standardised rule set
  • [1] Says Babcock's rules have few special hands, fewer than Chinese Classical, and in a footnote that they have none; lists Whitney as also describing the Babcock game; page last modified 22 July 2002
  • [2] Copyright 1920 and 1922 by Babcock, 1923 by the Mah-Jongg Sales Company of America; printings listed from September 1920 to November 1923; the title page reads The Red Book of Rules, Second Edition; the preface, signed Shanghai 1923, says the English-indexed tiles and the first edition of the rules appeared in 1920 and that the rules were adopted by the American Club and the Union Club of Shanghai
  • [7] Entry 29830: J. P. Babcock (OCR 'Bascock'), Scranton, Pa., Rules for mah-jongg, cover-title, 12 p., illus., 24mo; copyright 1 November 1920, copies and affidavit received 4 November 1920, registration A 599996
  • [8] Entry 3507: Babcock's rules for mah-jongg; the red book of rules, 2d ed., rev. and enl., including full code of official laws and examples of illustrative hands; San Francisco, Mah-jongg sales company of America, 1923; 117 p., illus., 16mo; copyright 30 April 1923, A 706902, claimant Mah-jongg sales co. of America, Scranton, Pa. The quotes are from the volume's index, which repeats the entry
  • [9] Entry 42105: Babcock (J. P.) Game of mah-jongg, 12 p., illus., 24mo, cover title Rules for playing the genuine Chinese game, mah-jongg; copyright 15 August 1923, claimant Parker Bros., inc., Salem, Mass. The quotes are from the volume's index
  • [10] The Babcocks played on Catalina Island in summer 1920 before returning to China; the first booklet was titled Rules for Mah-Jongg, without Babcock's name; Lethin's letter of February 1923 calls Babcock the chap that wrote the Little Red Book of Rules; Hager's Mah-Jongg trademark claims use from 26 October 1920; the Mah-Jongg Sales Company of America was formed by Hager, Babcock and W. A. Hammond by 1922
  • [11] Captions: the first edition's title says only Rules for Mah-Jongg and it is called the first manual in English; a little hardcover version follows; also Babcock's Saturday Evening Post statement of 15 December 1923 and his 1925 patent
  • [12] Photographs of a softcover Little Red Book, first edition 1920, and a hardcover twelfth printing of January 1924 published by the Mah-Jongg Sales Company of America, San Francisco and Shanghai, with a transcription of the second edition's preface and historical chapter
  • [3] Babcock persuaded Hager in July 1919; W. A. Hammond began importing sets in quantity only in 1922; Foster calls the American game the Babcock Game
  • [4] No. 1 of a 12-article NEA Service series; also lists two dice in play with two spares and the counters each player receives
  • [5] Calls Babcock an oil company executive based in Shanghai and says his simplified rules were the version that exploded in America in 1922 and 1923
  • [13] Babcock in Suzhou by about 1917; first sets sold at Abercrombie and Fitch in New York in 1920; published Rules of Mah-Jongg, the red book; Parker Brothers bought the trademark and copyrighted rules in 1923
  • [6] Lists the 1923 second edition on the Internet Archive and the American Code of Laws for Mah-Jongg in Hartman's Standardized Mah Jong (1924), of which Babcock was a contributor

Reading it

The sources read agree on the label. Babcock's own second edition gives a printing history from September 1920; the 1920 Catalog of Copyright Entries records a 12-page Rules for Mah-Jongg copyrighted by J. P. Babcock of Scranton, Pennsylvania, on 1 November 1920; Foster (1924) and Stanwick both date the first printing to September 1920. The red-book name was given both to the 1920 softcover (Sloperama, the mahjongtileset gallery) and to the enlarged second edition of 1923, whose title page and copyright entry read The Red Book of Rules. Nothing read supports a Shanghai imprint: Foster says the first edition was published in the United States, and the second was printed there for the Mah-Jongg Sales Company of America. The 1923 text gives 136 tiles, with eight Seasons as a variation it does not recommend, a 13-tile hand going out on 14, 20 points for Mah-Jongg, scores for pungs, kongs and pairs, doubles, a 300-point limit with three limit hands, and settlement in which every hand scores and East pays and receives double. That contradicts the chart's source on kongs and special hands, and Foster says even the 1920 edition kept most of the game. The 1920 booklet's text, Heinz (2021) and Greenfield (2010) are still wanted.

Looked for, not found

  • Tournament rules No tournament is known to have played Babcock's rules; none turned up in the web, newspaper or Internet Archive searches.
  • Law No statute governs the game. The nearest government records are the Catalog of Copyright Entries (read, as collection) and Hager's trademark notice in the Patent Office Official Gazette of 14 February 1922, cited by Stanwick and unread.
  • Rulebook No other publisher's rule book reprinting Babcock's rules turned up on the Internet Archive. The 1922 copyright record lists W. A. Hammond's 'Mah-jongg. Suggestions for play' for the Mah-Jongg Sales Company, not found in scan.
  • Forum Not searched: Reddit and BoardGameGeek refuse automated readers. Sloper's 2003 rec.games.mahjong post is a lead in the citations note.
  • Commercial Babcock's Saturday Evening Post statement of 15 December 1923, an advertisement for his company, is a lead in the citations note. The retailers' pages the chart cites (Charleston Club, MahjongCompare) are filed as guides.
  • Organisation No body governs Babcock's game. The Hagley Library's blog lists a c.1923 copy among its sources and adds nothing on the rules.

Known, not yet read

Sources that look worth having but could not be read for this entry. If you can reach one, it can be read and added. Every variant’s list is gathered on Missing sources.

  • Official rules Babcock, J. P. Rules for Mah-Jongg. Cover-title booklet, 12 p., illus., 24mo, 1920 (US copyright A 599996, 1 November 1920). — This is the 1920 first edition the node is named for. Only its text can show whether the original rules scored kongs and limit hands, and where it was printed.
    Where: The Library of Congress copyright deposit; private copies photographed at sloperama.com/cctheory/babcock.html and in the mahjongtileset.co.uk Literature Gallery 2.0; copies on the antiquarian market.. Tried: Internet Archive advanced and full-text search (2026-10-09) found only the 1923 second edition. HathiTrust's full-text search sits behind Cloudflare and was not tried by machine.
  • Scholarship Heinz, Annelise. Mahjong: A Chinese Game and the Making of Modern American Culture. Oxford University Press, 2021; chapter 'Making a Transpacific Game', doi:10.1093/oso/9780190081799.003.0004. — The standard scholarly history of mahjong in America. It would check the dates of Babcock's editions and the companies behind them.
    Where: Oxford Academic (subscription), libraries.. Tried: Only Crossref's record was read (2026-10-09). The publisher's platform is subscription-only and was not fetched.
  • Scholarship Greenfield, Mary C. 'The Game of One Hundred Intelligences: Mahjong, Materials, and the Marketing of the Asian Exotic in the 1920s.' Pacific Historical Review 79 (3), 2010, from p. 329; doi:10.1525/phr.2010.79.3.329. — A peer-reviewed history of how the Mah-Jongg companies marketed the game and its rule books.
    Where: University of California Press online, JSTOR.. Tried: Only Crossref's record was read (2026-10-09). The publisher's platform is subscription-only and was not fetched.
  • Collection The Strong National Museum of Play, Brian Sutton-Smith Library and Archives of Play: archival resource 246 (archives.museumofplay.org/repositories/3/resources/246). — A search result said this archive record describes a 1923 Babcock Red Book of Rules. It may describe copies or papers bearing on the editions.
    Where: https://archives.museumofplay.org/repositories/3/resources/246. Tried: Answered with a Cloudflare challenge (403) on 2026-10-09: the site's refusal. Needs a browser.

Where it was searched

Every place the search checklist names for this variant’s languages, and what each gave, including nothing. The last full pass was on 2026-10-09.

Names searched: English Babcock rules, Babcock's Rules for Mah-Jongg, Rules for Mah-Jongg, The Red Book of Rules, little red book, the Babcock game, Mah-Jongg.

16 places searched
  • General web search — Standard mode only (2026-10-09): Babcock 'Rules for Mah-Jongg' 1920 first edition red book; Stanwick Babcock red book editions; Heinz 2021 Babcock. Led to Sloperama's CC Theory page, the mahjongtileset gallery and Stanwick's article (all read) and the Hagley Library blog 'Mah Jongg, Anyone?' (seen only for its source list, which names a c.1923 copy). Unread leads: Barry Popik's 'Mahjong (Mah Jongg)' entry, a PopMatters review of Heinz, the Strong museum's mahjong oral history finding aid, a Wake Forest event 'Introduction to Mahjong and the Babcock Rules', eBay listings of 1923 copies.
  • Wikidata — Q6286074 (Joseph Park Babcock) has sitelinks to English, Portuguese and Arabic Wikipedia and English Wikisource. A search for an item on the rule book answered 429 (2026-10-09). Only English writes about the game at length.
  • Wikipedia, in every declared language — English 'Joseph Park Babcock' read through the API after two 429 answers (2026-10-09). The Portuguese and Arabic articles on the man were not read. 'American mahjong' (chart ref 13) was not re-read because of the rate limit.
  • The sources' own references, and who cites them — Backward, one round: Wikipedia, Stanwick, Foster and Babcock 1923 led to the copyright entries and the NEA series read here. Second-round leads, unread: Babcock, 'Mah-Jongg: Its Authentic Source', Saturday Evening Post, 15 December 1923, p. 127; Norma Babcock in The Catalina Islander, 16 April 1924; Hartman, Babcock, Foster et al., 'The American Code of Laws for Mah-Jongg' in Standardized Mah Jong (Harper, 1924; Google Books id 6mJLAAAAYAAJ); Hager's trademark in the Patent Office Official Gazette of 14 February 1922 and his patent 1,450,852; Babcock's 1925 patent; Sloper's rec.games.mahjong post of 3 January 2003 on the Hammond stamp; Kovel's 2012 antiques column; Sloperama FAQ 11. Forward: Crossref only (see scholarship-index).
  • Internet Archive full-text search — Advanced search (title mah-jongg 1919-26, creator Babcock) and full-text search for Babcock with Mah-Jongg (2026-10-09; the page_production endpoint answered 400 with an empty page_target and worked without page_type). Only scan of Babcock's rules: babcock_202209, the 1923 second edition. Catalog of Copyright Entries 1920 to 1923 searched: Babcock entries in 1920 pamphlets, 1923 books and 1923 pamphlets. The 1922 pamphlets volume (catalogofcop191libr) has a Mah-Jongg Sales Co. 'Mah-jongg' of [24] p. (A 689872, 13 November 1922) and W. A. Hammond's 'Mah-jongg. Suggestions for play' of 58 p. (A 689548); neither names Babcock. The 1921 books volume's text answered 500. Unread hits: Vogue 15 December 1923, Vanity Fair January 1924, Sedalia Democrat 20 December 1923 and Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune 27 December 1923.
  • Wayback Machine — Not needed: every source read is live.
  • Google Books — Not searched: its API answered 429 in earlier passes. Hartman's Standardized Mah Jong (1924) is listed there as id 6mJLAAAAYAAJ.
  • HathiTrust full-text search — Not searched: full-text search is behind a Cloudflare challenge, and no OCLC number for the 1920 booklet turned up for the catalog API.
  • WorldCat — Not searched: holdings would only locate copies of the 1920 booklet, listed under wanted.
  • Scholarly indexes — Crossref (2026-10-09): Heinz, Mahjong (OUP, 2021), chapters including 'Making a Transpacific Game' (10.1093/oso/9780190081799.003.0004); Greenfield, Pacific Historical Review 79 (3), 2010 (10.1525/phr.2010.79.3.329); Fickle and Chang, 'Mad about Mahjong', Analog Game Studies, 2026 (open access, unread). OpenAlex not tried (wants a key).
  • YouTube — Not searched: a 1920s rule book whose own text was read in scan.
  • English-language forums — Not searched: Reddit and BoardGameGeek refuse automated readers. Stanwick cites Sloper's rec.games.mahjong post of 3 January 2003 (Google Groups), unread.
  • Mahjong reference sites — Sloperama FAQ 2b re-read and Sloperama's CC Theory page on Babcock's book read, both by the chart's source author. FAQ 11 on Babcock noted, unread. Mahjong Wiki not searched.
  • App and platform listings — Not searched: no app is known to offer Babcock's rules, a ruleset of the 1920s.
  • English-language newspaper archives — Chronicling America through the loc.gov JSON API (2026-10-09). Its HTML pages answer a Cloudflare challenge (403) and chroniclingamerica.loc.gov redirects (308). 'babcock mah-jongg' 1920-23: 87 pages, all November-December 1923, mostly the 12-article NEA series by Babcock; No. 1 read through the tile.loc.gov OCR service. 'mah-jongg' 1920-21: no hits; 1920-22: 66 hits, the earliest Abercrombie and Fitch advertisements in the New York Herald of 16 April 1922. Trove, Papers Past, the BNA and NewspaperSG not searched: an American story.
  • Statutes published in English — Not applicable: no statute names the game. Its copyright and trademark records are covered under ia-texts and citations.

In the tree

Descends from Chinese classical, as the source chart draws it.

Descends into

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